diff --git a/packages/core/src/tools/web-fetch.test.ts b/packages/core/src/tools/web-fetch.test.ts
index f6d74d0953..d5fd4310f6 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/tools/web-fetch.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/tools/web-fetch.test.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   WebFetchTool,
   parsePrompt,
   convertGithubUrlToRaw,
+  normalizeUrl,
 } from './web-fetch.js';
 import type { Config } from '../config/config.js';
 import { ApprovalMode } from '../policy/types.js';
@@ -125,6 +126,35 @@ const mockFetch = (url: string, response: Partial<Response> | Error) =>
       } as unknown as Response;
     });
 
+describe('normalizeUrl', () => {
+  it('should lowercase hostname', () => {
+    expect(normalizeUrl('https://EXAMPLE.com/Path')).toBe(
+      'https://example.com/Path',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should remove trailing slash except for root', () => {
+    expect(normalizeUrl('https://example.com/path/')).toBe(
+      'https://example.com/path',
+    );
+    expect(normalizeUrl('https://example.com/')).toBe('https://example.com/');
+  });
+
+  it('should remove default ports', () => {
+    expect(normalizeUrl('http://example.com:80/')).toBe('http://example.com/');
+    expect(normalizeUrl('https://example.com:443/')).toBe(
+      'https://example.com/',
+    );
+    expect(normalizeUrl('https://example.com:8443/')).toBe(
+      'https://example.com:8443/',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should handle invalid URLs gracefully', () => {
+    expect(normalizeUrl('not-a-url')).toBe('not-a-url');
+  });
+});
+
 describe('parsePrompt', () => {
   it('should extract valid URLs separated by whitespace', () => {
     const prompt = 'Go to https://example.com and http://google.com';
@@ -396,6 +426,35 @@ describe('WebFetchTool', () => {
       );
     });
 
+    it('should skip private or local URLs but fetch others', async () => {
+      vi.mocked(fetchUtils.isPrivateIp).mockImplementation(
+        (url) => url === 'https://private.com/',
+      );
+
+      const tool = new WebFetchTool(mockConfig, bus);
+      const params = {
+        prompt:
+          'fetch https://private.com and https://healthy.com and http://localhost',
+      };
+      const invocation = tool.build(params);
+
+      mockGenerateContent.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        candidates: [{ content: { parts: [{ text: 'healthy response' }] } }],
+      });
+
+      const result = await invocation.execute(new AbortController().signal);
+      expect(result.llmContent).toContain('healthy response');
+      expect(result.llmContent).toContain(
+        '[Warning] The following URLs were skipped:',
+      );
+      expect(result.llmContent).toContain(
+        '[Private or Local Host] https://private.com/',
+      );
+      expect(result.llmContent).toContain(
+        '[Private or Local Host] http://localhost',
+      );
+    });
+
     it('should fallback to all public URLs if primary fails', async () => {
       vi.spyOn(fetchUtils, 'isPrivateIp').mockReturnValue(false);
 
@@ -419,7 +478,7 @@ describe('WebFetchTool', () => {
 
       const tool = new WebFetchTool(mockConfig, bus);
       const params = {
-        prompt: 'fetch https://url1.com and https://url2.com',
+        prompt: 'fetch https://url1.com and https://url2.com/',
       };
       const invocation = tool.build(params);
       const result = await invocation.execute(new AbortController().signal);
@@ -450,7 +509,7 @@ describe('WebFetchTool', () => {
 
       const tool = new WebFetchTool(mockConfig, bus);
       const params = {
-        prompt: 'fetch https://public.com and https://private.com',
+        prompt: 'fetch https://public.com/ and https://private.com',
       };
       const invocation = tool.build(params);
       const result = await invocation.execute(new AbortController().signal);
@@ -971,13 +1030,13 @@ describe('WebFetchTool', () => {
     });
 
     it('should throw error if stream exceeds limit', async () => {
-      const largeChunk = new Uint8Array(11 * 1024 * 1024);
+      const large_chunk = new Uint8Array(11 * 1024 * 1024);
       mockFetch('https://example.com/large-stream', {
         body: {
           getReader: () => ({
             read: vi
               .fn()
-              .mockResolvedValueOnce({ done: false, value: largeChunk })
+              .mockResolvedValueOnce({ done: false, value: large_chunk })
               .mockResolvedValueOnce({ done: true }),
             releaseLock: vi.fn(),
             cancel: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
@@ -1025,7 +1084,7 @@ describe('WebFetchTool', () => {
       const result = await invocation.execute(new AbortController().signal);
 
       expect(result.llmContent).toContain(
-        'Error: Access to private IP address http://localhost/ is not allowed.',
+        'Error: Access to blocked or private host http://localhost/ is not allowed.',
       );
       expect(result.error?.type).toBe(ToolErrorType.WEB_FETCH_PROCESSING_ERROR);
     });
diff --git a/packages/core/src/tools/web-fetch.ts b/packages/core/src/tools/web-fetch.ts
index b31220f459..076eea88c6 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/tools/web-fetch.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/tools/web-fetch.ts
@@ -76,6 +76,31 @@ function checkRateLimit(url: string): {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Normalizes a URL by converting hostname to lowercase, removing trailing slashes,
+ * and removing default ports.
+ */
+export function normalizeUrl(urlStr: string): string {
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(urlStr);
+    url.hostname = url.hostname.toLowerCase();
+    // Remove trailing slash if present in pathname (except for root '/')
+    if (url.pathname.endsWith('/') && url.pathname.length > 1) {
+      url.pathname = url.pathname.slice(0, -1);
+    }
+    // Remove default ports
+    if (
+      (url.protocol === 'http:' && url.port === '80') ||
+      (url.protocol === 'https:' && url.port === '443')
+    ) {
+      url.port = '';
+    }
+    return url.href;
+  } catch {
+    return urlStr;
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Parses a prompt to extract valid URLs and identify malformed ones.
  */
@@ -184,14 +209,27 @@ class WebFetchToolInvocation extends BaseToolInvocation<
     super(params, messageBus, _toolName, _toolDisplayName);
   }
 
+  private isBlockedHost(urlStr: string): boolean {
+    try {
+      const url = new URL(urlStr);
+      const hostname = url.hostname.toLowerCase();
+      if (hostname === 'localhost' || hostname === '127.0.0.1') {
+        return true;
+      }
+      return isPrivateIp(urlStr);
+    } catch {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
   private async executeFallbackForUrl(
     urlStr: string,
     signal: AbortSignal,
     contentBudget: number,
   ): Promise<string> {
     const url = convertGithubUrlToRaw(urlStr);
-    if (isPrivateIp(url)) {
-      return `Error fetching ${url}: Access to private IP address is not allowed.`;
+    if (this.isBlockedHost(url)) {
+      return `Error fetching ${url}: Access to blocked or private host is not allowed.`;
     }
 
     try {
@@ -245,9 +283,7 @@ class WebFetchToolInvocation extends BaseToolInvocation<
 
       return truncateString(textContent, contentBudget, TRUNCATION_WARNING);
     } catch (e) {
-      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion
-      const error = e as Error;
-      return `Error fetching ${url}: ${error.message}`;
+      return `Error fetching ${url}: ${getErrorMessage(e)}`;
     }
   }
 
@@ -290,9 +326,7 @@ ${aggregatedContent}
         returnDisplay: `Content for ${urls.length} URL(s) processed using fallback fetch.`,
       };
     } catch (e) {
-      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion
-      const error = e as Error;
-      const errorMessage = `Error during fallback processing: ${error.message}`;
+      const errorMessage = `Error during fallback processing: ${getErrorMessage(e)}`;
       return {
         llmContent: `Error: ${errorMessage}`,
         returnDisplay: `Error: ${errorMessage}`,
@@ -413,8 +447,8 @@ ${aggregatedContent}
     // Convert GitHub blob URL to raw URL
     url = convertGithubUrlToRaw(url);
 
-    if (isPrivateIp(url)) {
-      const errorMessage = `Access to private IP address ${url} is not allowed.`;
+    if (this.isBlockedHost(url)) {
+      const errorMessage = `Access to blocked or private host ${url} is not allowed.`;
       return {
         llmContent: `Error: ${errorMessage}`,
         returnDisplay: `Error: ${errorMessage}`,
@@ -548,14 +582,14 @@ Response: ${truncateString(rawResponseText, 10000, '\n\n... [Error response trun
     const userPrompt = this.params.prompt!;
     const { validUrls } = parsePrompt(userPrompt);
 
-    // Filter unique URLs and perform pre-flight checks (Rate Limit & Private IP)
-    const uniqueUrls = [...new Set(validUrls)];
+    // Unit 1: Normalization & Deduplication
+    const uniqueUrls = [...new Set(validUrls.map(normalizeUrl))];
     const toFetch: string[] = [];
     const skipped: string[] = [];
 
     for (const url of uniqueUrls) {
-      if (isPrivateIp(url)) {
-        skipped.push(`[Private IP] ${url}`);
+      if (this.isBlockedHost(url)) {
+        skipped.push(`[Private or Local Host] ${url}`);
         continue;
       }
       if (!checkRateLimit(url).allowed) {