perf(cli): enable code splitting and deferred UI loading (#22117)

esbuild.config.js

@@ -82,11 +82,14 @@ const commonAliases = {
 const cliConfig = {
   ...baseConfig,
   banner: {
-    js: `const require = (await import('node:module')).createRequire(import.meta.url); globalThis.__filename = (await import('node:url')).fileURLToPath(import.meta.url); globalThis.__dirname = (await import('node:path')).dirname(globalThis.__filename);`,
+    js: `const require = (await import('node:module')).createRequire(import.meta.url); const __chunk_filename = (await import('node:url')).fileURLToPath(import.meta.url); const __chunk_dirname = (await import('node:path')).dirname(__chunk_filename);`,
   },
-  entryPoints: ['packages/cli/index.ts'],
+  entryPoints: { gemini: 'packages/cli/index.ts' },
-  outfile: 'bundle/gemini.js',
+  outdir: 'bundle',
+  splitting: true,
   define: {
+    __filename: '__chunk_filename',
+    __dirname: '__chunk_dirname',
     'process.env.CLI_VERSION': JSON.stringify(pkg.version),
     'process.env.GEMINI_SANDBOX_IMAGE_DEFAULT': JSON.stringify(
       pkg.config?.sandboxImageUri,
@@ -103,11 +106,13 @@ const cliConfig = {
 const a2aServerConfig = {
   ...baseConfig,
   banner: {
-    js: `const require = (await import('node:module')).createRequire(import.meta.url); globalThis.__filename = (await import('node:url')).fileURLToPath(import.meta.url); globalThis.__dirname = (await import('node:path')).dirname(globalThis.__filename);`,
+    js: `const require = (await import('node:module')).createRequire(import.meta.url); const __chunk_filename = (await import('node:url')).fileURLToPath(import.meta.url); const __chunk_dirname = (await import('node:path')).dirname(__chunk_filename);`,
   },
   entryPoints: ['packages/a2a-server/src/http/server.ts'],
   outfile: 'packages/a2a-server/dist/a2a-server.mjs',
   define: {
+    __filename: '__chunk_filename',
+    __dirname: '__chunk_dirname',
     'process.env.CLI_VERSION': JSON.stringify(pkg.version),
   },
   plugins: createWasmPlugins(),

packages/cli/src/gemini.tsx

@@ -4,13 +4,38 @@
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
  */
 
-import React from 'react';
+import {
-import { render } from 'ink';
+  type StartupWarning,
-import { AppContainer } from './ui/AppContainer.js';
+  WarningPriority,
+  type Config,
+  type ResumedSessionData,
+  type OutputPayload,
+  type ConsoleLogPayload,
+  type UserFeedbackPayload,
+  sessionId,
+  logUserPrompt,
+  AuthType,
+  UserPromptEvent,
+  coreEvents,
+  CoreEvent,
+  getOauthClient,
+  patchStdio,
+  writeToStdout,
+  writeToStderr,
+  shouldEnterAlternateScreen,
+  startupProfiler,
+  ExitCodes,
+  SessionStartSource,
+  SessionEndReason,
+  ValidationCancelledError,
+  ValidationRequiredError,
+  type AdminControlsSettings,
+  debugLogger,
+} from '@google/gemini-cli-core';
+
 import { loadCliConfig, parseArguments } from './config/config.js';
 import * as cliConfig from './config/config.js';
 import { readStdin } from './utils/readStdin.js';
-import { basename } from 'node:path';
 import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
 import v8 from 'node:v8';
 import os from 'node:os';
@@ -37,47 +62,11 @@ import {
   runExitCleanup,
   registerTelemetryConfig,
   setupSignalHandlers,
-  setupTtyCheck,
 } from './utils/cleanup.js';
 import {
   cleanupToolOutputFiles,
   cleanupExpiredSessions,
 } from './utils/sessionCleanup.js';
-import {
-  type StartupWarning,
-  WarningPriority,
-  type Config,
-  type ResumedSessionData,
-  type OutputPayload,
-  type ConsoleLogPayload,
-  type UserFeedbackPayload,
-  sessionId,
-  logUserPrompt,
-  AuthType,
-  getOauthClient,
-  UserPromptEvent,
-  debugLogger,
-  recordSlowRender,
-  coreEvents,
-  CoreEvent,
-  createWorkingStdio,
-  patchStdio,
-  writeToStdout,
-  writeToStderr,
-  disableMouseEvents,
-  enableMouseEvents,
-  disableLineWrapping,
-  enableLineWrapping,
-  shouldEnterAlternateScreen,
-  startupProfiler,
-  ExitCodes,
-  SessionStartSource,
-  SessionEndReason,
-  getVersion,
-  ValidationCancelledError,
-  ValidationRequiredError,
-  type AdminControlsSettings,
-} from '@google/gemini-cli-core';
 import {
   initializeApp,
   type InitializationResult,
@@ -85,21 +74,9 @@ import {
 import { validateAuthMethod } from './config/auth.js';
 import { runAcpClient } from './acp/acpClient.js';
 import { validateNonInteractiveAuth } from './validateNonInterActiveAuth.js';
-import { checkForUpdates } from './ui/utils/updateCheck.js';
-import { handleAutoUpdate } from './utils/handleAutoUpdate.js';
 import { appEvents, AppEvent } from './utils/events.js';
 import { SessionError, SessionSelector } from './utils/sessionUtils.js';
-import { SettingsContext } from './ui/contexts/SettingsContext.js';
-import { MouseProvider } from './ui/contexts/MouseContext.js';
-import { StreamingState } from './ui/types.js';
-import { computeTerminalTitle } from './utils/windowTitle.js';
 
-import { SessionStatsProvider } from './ui/contexts/SessionContext.js';
-import { VimModeProvider } from './ui/contexts/VimModeContext.js';
-import { KeyMatchersProvider } from './ui/hooks/useKeyMatchers.js';
-import { loadKeyMatchers } from './ui/key/keyMatchers.js';
-import { KeypressProvider } from './ui/contexts/KeypressContext.js';
-import { useKittyKeyboardProtocol } from './ui/hooks/useKittyKeyboardProtocol.js';
 import {
   relaunchAppInChildProcess,
   relaunchOnExitCode,
@@ -107,19 +84,13 @@ import {
 import { loadSandboxConfig } from './config/sandboxConfig.js';
 import { deleteSession, listSessions } from './utils/sessions.js';
 import { createPolicyUpdater } from './config/policy.js';
-import { ScrollProvider } from './ui/contexts/ScrollProvider.js';
-import { TerminalProvider } from './ui/contexts/TerminalContext.js';
 import { isAlternateBufferEnabled } from './ui/hooks/useAlternateBuffer.js';
-import { OverflowProvider } from './ui/contexts/OverflowContext.js';
 
 import { setupTerminalAndTheme } from './utils/terminalTheme.js';
-import { profiler } from './ui/components/DebugProfiler.js';
 import { runDeferredCommand } from './deferred.js';
 import { cleanupBackgroundLogs } from './utils/logCleanup.js';
 import { SlashCommandConflictHandler } from './services/SlashCommandConflictHandler.js';
 
-const SLOW_RENDER_MS = 200;
-
 export function validateDnsResolutionOrder(
   order: string | undefined,
 ): DnsResolutionOrder {
@@ -198,147 +169,16 @@ export async function startInteractiveUI(
   resumedSessionData: ResumedSessionData | undefined,
   initializationResult: InitializationResult,
 ) {
-  // Never enter Ink alternate buffer mode when screen reader mode is enabled
+  // Dynamically import the heavy UI module so React/Ink are only parsed when needed
-  // as there is no benefit of alternate buffer mode when using a screen reader
+  const { startInteractiveUI: doStartUI } = await import('./interactiveCli.js');
-  // and the Ink alternate buffer mode requires line wrapping harmful to
+  await doStartUI(
-  // screen readers.
+    config,
-  const useAlternateBuffer = shouldEnterAlternateScreen(
+    settings,
-    isAlternateBufferEnabled(config),
+    startupWarnings,
-    config.getScreenReader(),
+    workspaceRoot,
+    resumedSessionData,
+    initializationResult,
   );
-  const mouseEventsEnabled = useAlternateBuffer;
-  if (mouseEventsEnabled) {
-    enableMouseEvents();
-    registerCleanup(() => {
-      disableMouseEvents();
-    });
-  }
-
-  const { matchers, errors } = await loadKeyMatchers();
-  errors.forEach((error) => {
-    coreEvents.emitFeedback('warning', error);
-  });
-
-  const version = await getVersion();
-  setWindowTitle(basename(workspaceRoot), settings);
-
-  const consolePatcher = new ConsolePatcher({
-    onNewMessage: (msg) => {
-      coreEvents.emitConsoleLog(msg.type, msg.content);
-    },
-    debugMode: config.getDebugMode(),
-  });
-  consolePatcher.patch();
-  registerCleanup(consolePatcher.cleanup);
-
-  const { stdout: inkStdout, stderr: inkStderr } = createWorkingStdio();
-
-  const isShpool = !!process.env['SHPOOL_SESSION_NAME'];
-
-  // Create wrapper component to use hooks inside render
-  const AppWrapper = () => {
-    useKittyKeyboardProtocol();
-
-    return (
-      <SettingsContext.Provider value={settings}>
-        <KeyMatchersProvider value={matchers}>
-          <KeypressProvider
-            config={config}
-            debugKeystrokeLogging={
-              settings.merged.general.debugKeystrokeLogging
-            }
-          >
-            <MouseProvider
-              mouseEventsEnabled={mouseEventsEnabled}
-              debugKeystrokeLogging={
-                settings.merged.general.debugKeystrokeLogging
-              }
-            >
-              <TerminalProvider>
-                <ScrollProvider>
-                  <OverflowProvider>
-                    <SessionStatsProvider>
-                      <VimModeProvider>
-                        <AppContainer
-                          config={config}
-                          startupWarnings={startupWarnings}
-                          version={version}
-                          resumedSessionData={resumedSessionData}
-                          initializationResult={initializationResult}
-                        />
-                      </VimModeProvider>
-                    </SessionStatsProvider>
-                  </OverflowProvider>
-                </ScrollProvider>
-              </TerminalProvider>
-            </MouseProvider>
-          </KeypressProvider>
-        </KeyMatchersProvider>
-      </SettingsContext.Provider>
-    );
-  };
-
-  if (isShpool) {
-    // Wait a moment for shpool to stabilize terminal size and state.
-    // shpool is a persistence tool that restores terminal state by replaying it.
-    // This delay gives shpool time to finish its restoration replay and send
-    // the actual terminal size (often via an immediate SIGWINCH) before we
-    // render the first TUI frame. Without this, the first frame may be
-    // garbled or rendered at an incorrect size, which disabling incremental
-    // rendering alone cannot fix for the initial frame.
-    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 100));
-  }
-
-  const instance = render(
-    process.env['DEBUG'] ? (
-      <React.StrictMode>
-        <AppWrapper />
-      </React.StrictMode>
-    ) : (
-      <AppWrapper />
-    ),
-    {
-      stdout: inkStdout,
-      stderr: inkStderr,
-      stdin: process.stdin,
-      exitOnCtrlC: false,
-      isScreenReaderEnabled: config.getScreenReader(),
-      onRender: ({ renderTime }: { renderTime: number }) => {
-        if (renderTime > SLOW_RENDER_MS) {
-          recordSlowRender(config, renderTime);
-        }
-        profiler.reportFrameRendered();
-      },
-      patchConsole: false,
-      alternateBuffer: useAlternateBuffer,
-      incrementalRendering:
-        settings.merged.ui.incrementalRendering !== false &&
-        useAlternateBuffer &&
-        !isShpool,
-    },
-  );
-
-  if (useAlternateBuffer) {
-    disableLineWrapping();
-    registerCleanup(() => {
-      enableLineWrapping();
-    });
-  }
-
-  checkForUpdates(settings)
-    .then((info) => {
-      handleAutoUpdate(info, settings, config.getProjectRoot());
-    })
-    .catch((err) => {
-      // Silently ignore update check errors.
-      if (config.getDebugMode()) {
-        debugLogger.warn('Update check failed:', err);
-      }
-    });
-
-  registerCleanup(() => instance.unmount());
-
-  registerCleanup(setupTtyCheck());
 }
 
 export async function main() {
@@ -845,25 +685,6 @@ export async function main() {
   }
 }
 
-function setWindowTitle(title: string, settings: LoadedSettings) {
-  if (!settings.merged.ui.hideWindowTitle) {
-    // Initial state before React loop starts
-    const windowTitle = computeTerminalTitle({
-      streamingState: StreamingState.Idle,
-      isConfirming: false,
-      isSilentWorking: false,
-      folderName: title,
-      showThoughts: !!settings.merged.ui.showStatusInTitle,
-      useDynamicTitle: settings.merged.ui.dynamicWindowTitle,
-    });
-    writeToStdout(`\x1b]0;${windowTitle}\x07`);
-
-    process.on('exit', () => {
-      writeToStdout(`\x1b]0;\x07`);
-    });
-  }
-}
-
 export function initializeOutputListenersAndFlush() {
   // If there are no listeners for output, make sure we flush so output is not
   // lost.

packages/cli/src/interactiveCli.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import React from 'react';
+import { render } from 'ink';
+import { basename } from 'node:path';
+import { AppContainer } from './ui/AppContainer.js';
+import { ConsolePatcher } from './ui/utils/ConsolePatcher.js';
+import { registerCleanup, setupTtyCheck } from './utils/cleanup.js';
+import {
+  type StartupWarning,
+  type Config,
+  type ResumedSessionData,
+  coreEvents,
+  createWorkingStdio,
+  disableMouseEvents,
+  enableMouseEvents,
+  disableLineWrapping,
+  enableLineWrapping,
+  shouldEnterAlternateScreen,
+  recordSlowRender,
+  writeToStdout,
+  getVersion,
+  debugLogger,
+} from '@google/gemini-cli-core';
+import type { InitializationResult } from './core/initializer.js';
+import type { LoadedSettings } from './config/settings.js';
+import { checkForUpdates } from './ui/utils/updateCheck.js';
+import { handleAutoUpdate } from './utils/handleAutoUpdate.js';
+import { SettingsContext } from './ui/contexts/SettingsContext.js';
+import { MouseProvider } from './ui/contexts/MouseContext.js';
+import { StreamingState } from './ui/types.js';
+import { computeTerminalTitle } from './utils/windowTitle.js';
+
+import { SessionStatsProvider } from './ui/contexts/SessionContext.js';
+import { VimModeProvider } from './ui/contexts/VimModeContext.js';
+import { KeyMatchersProvider } from './ui/hooks/useKeyMatchers.js';
+import { loadKeyMatchers } from './ui/key/keyMatchers.js';
+import { KeypressProvider } from './ui/contexts/KeypressContext.js';
+import { useKittyKeyboardProtocol } from './ui/hooks/useKittyKeyboardProtocol.js';
+import { ScrollProvider } from './ui/contexts/ScrollProvider.js';
+import { TerminalProvider } from './ui/contexts/TerminalContext.js';
+import { isAlternateBufferEnabled } from './ui/hooks/useAlternateBuffer.js';
+import { OverflowProvider } from './ui/contexts/OverflowContext.js';
+import { profiler } from './ui/components/DebugProfiler.js';
+
+const SLOW_RENDER_MS = 200;
+
+export async function startInteractiveUI(
+  config: Config,
+  settings: LoadedSettings,
+  startupWarnings: StartupWarning[],
+  workspaceRoot: string = process.cwd(),
+  resumedSessionData: ResumedSessionData | undefined,
+  initializationResult: InitializationResult,
+) {
+  // Never enter Ink alternate buffer mode when screen reader mode is enabled
+  // as there is no benefit of alternate buffer mode when using a screen reader
+  // and the Ink alternate buffer mode requires line wrapping harmful to
+  // screen readers.
+  const useAlternateBuffer = shouldEnterAlternateScreen(
+    isAlternateBufferEnabled(config),
+    config.getScreenReader(),
+  );
+  const mouseEventsEnabled = useAlternateBuffer;
+  if (mouseEventsEnabled) {
+    enableMouseEvents();
+    registerCleanup(() => {
+      disableMouseEvents();
+    });
+  }
+
+  const { matchers, errors } = await loadKeyMatchers();
+  errors.forEach((error) => {
+    coreEvents.emitFeedback('warning', error);
+  });
+
+  const version = await getVersion();
+  setWindowTitle(basename(workspaceRoot), settings);
+
+  const consolePatcher = new ConsolePatcher({
+    onNewMessage: (msg) => {
+      coreEvents.emitConsoleLog(msg.type, msg.content);
+    },
+    debugMode: config.getDebugMode(),
+  });
+  consolePatcher.patch();
+  registerCleanup(consolePatcher.cleanup);
+
+  const { stdout: inkStdout, stderr: inkStderr } = createWorkingStdio();
+
+  const isShpool = !!process.env['SHPOOL_SESSION_NAME'];
+
+  // Create wrapper component to use hooks inside render
+  const AppWrapper = () => {
+    useKittyKeyboardProtocol();
+
+    return (
+      <SettingsContext.Provider value={settings}>
+        <KeyMatchersProvider value={matchers}>
+          <KeypressProvider
+            config={config}
+            debugKeystrokeLogging={
+              settings.merged.general.debugKeystrokeLogging
+            }
+          >
+            <MouseProvider
+              mouseEventsEnabled={mouseEventsEnabled}
+              debugKeystrokeLogging={
+                settings.merged.general.debugKeystrokeLogging
+              }
+            >
+              <TerminalProvider>
+                <ScrollProvider>
+                  <OverflowProvider>
+                    <SessionStatsProvider>
+                      <VimModeProvider>
+                        <AppContainer
+                          config={config}
+                          startupWarnings={startupWarnings}
+                          version={version}
+                          resumedSessionData={resumedSessionData}
+                          initializationResult={initializationResult}
+                        />
+                      </VimModeProvider>
+                    </SessionStatsProvider>
+                  </OverflowProvider>
+                </ScrollProvider>
+              </TerminalProvider>
+            </MouseProvider>
+          </KeypressProvider>
+        </KeyMatchersProvider>
+      </SettingsContext.Provider>
+    );
+  };
+
+  if (isShpool) {
+    // Wait a moment for shpool to stabilize terminal size and state.
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 100));
+  }
+
+  const instance = render(
+    process.env['DEBUG'] ? (
+      <React.StrictMode>
+        <AppWrapper />
+      </React.StrictMode>
+    ) : (
+      <AppWrapper />
+    ),
+    {
+      stdout: inkStdout,
+      stderr: inkStderr,
+      stdin: process.stdin,
+      exitOnCtrlC: false,
+      isScreenReaderEnabled: config.getScreenReader(),
+      onRender: ({ renderTime }: { renderTime: number }) => {
+        if (renderTime > SLOW_RENDER_MS) {
+          recordSlowRender(config, renderTime);
+        }
+        profiler.reportFrameRendered();
+      },
+      patchConsole: false,
+      alternateBuffer: useAlternateBuffer,
+      incrementalRendering:
+        settings.merged.ui.incrementalRendering !== false &&
+        useAlternateBuffer &&
+        !isShpool,
+    },
+  );
+
+  if (useAlternateBuffer) {
+    disableLineWrapping();
+    registerCleanup(() => {
+      enableLineWrapping();
+    });
+  }
+
+  checkForUpdates(settings)
+    .then((info) => {
+      handleAutoUpdate(info, settings, config.getProjectRoot());
+    })
+    .catch((err) => {
+      // Silently ignore update check errors.
+      if (config.getDebugMode()) {
+        debugLogger.warn('Update check failed:', err);
+      }
+    });
+
+  registerCleanup(() => instance.unmount());
+
+  registerCleanup(setupTtyCheck());
+}
+
+function setWindowTitle(title: string, settings: LoadedSettings) {
+  if (!settings.merged.ui.hideWindowTitle) {
+    // Initial state before React loop starts
+    const windowTitle = computeTerminalTitle({
+      streamingState: StreamingState.Idle,
+      isConfirming: false,
+      isSilentWorking: false,
+      folderName: title,
+      showThoughts: !!settings.merged.ui.showStatusInTitle,
+      useDynamicTitle: settings.merged.ui.dynamicWindowTitle,
+    });
+    writeToStdout(`\x1b]0;${windowTitle}\x07`);
+
+    process.on('exit', () => {
+      writeToStdout(`\x1b]0;\x07`);
+    });
+  }
+}

scripts/build_binary.js

@@ -228,23 +228,35 @@ const packageJson = JSON.parse(
 // Helper to calc hash
 const sha256 = (content) => createHash('sha256').update(content).digest('hex');
 
-// Read Main Bundle
-const geminiBundlePath = join(root, 'bundle/gemini.js');
-const geminiContent = readFileSync(geminiBundlePath);
-const geminiHash = sha256(geminiContent);
-
 const assets = {
-  'gemini.mjs': geminiBundlePath, // Use .js source but map to .mjs for runtime ESM
   'manifest.json': 'bundle/manifest.json',
 };
 
 const manifest = {
   main: 'gemini.mjs',
-  mainHash: geminiHash,
+  mainHash: '',
   version: packageJson.version,
   files: [],
 };
 
+// Add all javascript chunks from the bundle directory
+const jsFiles = globSync('*.js', { cwd: bundleDir });
+for (const jsFile of jsFiles) {
+  const fsPath = join(bundleDir, jsFile);
+  const content = readFileSync(fsPath);
+  const hash = sha256(content);
+
+  // Node SEA requires the main entry point to be explicitly mapped
+  if (jsFile === 'gemini.js') {
+    assets['gemini.mjs'] = fsPath;
+    manifest.mainHash = hash;
+  } else {
+    // Other chunks need to be mapped exactly as they are named so dynamic imports find them
+    assets[jsFile] = fsPath;
+    manifest.files.push({ key: jsFile, path: jsFile, hash: hash });
+  }
+}
+
 // Helper to recursively find files from STAGING
 function addAssetsFromDir(baseDir, runtimePrefix) {
   const fullDir = join(stagingDir, baseDir);
@@ -346,6 +358,22 @@ const targetBinaryPath = join(targetDir, binaryName);
 console.log(`Copying node binary from ${nodeBinary} to ${targetBinaryPath}...`);
 copyFileSync(nodeBinary, targetBinaryPath);
 
+if (platform === 'darwin') {
+  console.log(`Thinning universal binary for ${arch}...`);
+  try {
+    // Attempt to thin the binary. Will fail safely if it's not a fat binary.
+    runCommand('lipo', [
+      targetBinaryPath,
+      '-thin',
+      arch,
+      '-output',
+      targetBinaryPath,
+    ]);
+  } catch (e) {
+    console.log(`Skipping lipo thinning: ${e.message}`);
+  }
+}
+
 // Remove existing signature using helper
 removeSignature(targetBinaryPath);
 
@@ -357,9 +385,7 @@ if (existsSync(bundleDir)) {
 
 // Clean up source JS files from output (we only want embedded)
 const filesToRemove = [
-  'gemini.js',
   'gemini.mjs',
-  'gemini.js.map',
   'gemini.mjs.map',
   'gemini-sea.cjs',
   'sea-launch.cjs',
@@ -373,6 +399,12 @@ filesToRemove.forEach((f) => {
   if (existsSync(p)) rmSync(p, { recursive: true, force: true });
 });
 
+// Remove all chunk and entry .js/.js.map files
+const jsFilesToRemove = globSync('*.{js,js.map}', { cwd: targetDir });
+for (const f of jsFilesToRemove) {
+  rmSync(join(targetDir, f));
+}
+
 // Remove .sb files from targetDir
 const sbFilesToRemove = globSync('sandbox-macos-*.sb', { cwd: targetDir });
 for (const f of sbFilesToRemove) {