feat(core): Save large tool outputs to a file and return truncated lines (#6240)

packages/a2a-server/src/utils/testing_utils.ts

@@ -9,8 +9,12 @@ import type {
   TaskStatusUpdateEvent,
   SendStreamingMessageSuccessResponse,
 } from '@a2a-js/sdk';
-import { ApprovalMode } from '@google/gemini-cli-core';
-import type { Config } from '@google/gemini-cli-core';
+import {
+  ApprovalMode,
+  DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
+  DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+} from '@google/gemini-cli-core';
+import type { Config, Storage } from '@google/gemini-cli-core';
 import { expect, vi } from 'vitest';
 
 export function createMockConfig(
@@ -28,6 +32,12 @@ export function createMockConfig(
       isPathWithinWorkspace: () => true,
     }),
     getTargetDir: () => '/test',
+    storage: {
+      getProjectTempDir: () => '/tmp',
+    } as Storage,
+    getTruncateToolOutputThreshold: () =>
+      DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+    getTruncateToolOutputLines: () => DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
     getGeminiClient: vi.fn(),
     getDebugMode: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(false),
     getContentGeneratorConfig: vi.fn().mockReturnValue({ model: 'gemini-pro' }),

packages/cli/src/config/config.ts

@@ -622,6 +622,8 @@ export async function loadCliConfig(
     shouldUseNodePtyShell: settings.tools?.usePty,
     skipNextSpeakerCheck: settings.model?.skipNextSpeakerCheck,
     enablePromptCompletion: settings.general?.enablePromptCompletion ?? false,
+    truncateToolOutputThreshold: settings.tools?.truncateToolOutputThreshold,
+    truncateToolOutputLines: settings.tools?.truncateToolOutputLines,
     eventEmitter: appEvents,
     useSmartEdit: argv.useSmartEdit ?? settings.useSmartEdit,
   });

packages/cli/src/config/settingsSchema.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ import type {
   AuthType,
   ChatCompressionSettings,
 } from '@google/gemini-cli-core';
+import {
+  DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
+  DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+} from '@google/gemini-cli-core';
 import type { CustomTheme } from '../ui/themes/theme.js';
 
 export enum MergeStrategy {
@@ -654,6 +658,25 @@ export const SETTINGS_SCHEMA = {
           'Use ripgrep for file content search instead of the fallback implementation. Provides faster search performance.',
         showInDialog: true,
       },
+      truncateToolOutputThreshold: {
+        type: 'number',
+        label: 'Tool Output Truncation Threshold',
+        category: 'General',
+        requiresRestart: false,
+        default: DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+        description:
+          'Truncate tool output if it is larger than this many characters. Set to -1 to disable.',
+        showInDialog: true,
+      },
+      truncateToolOutputLines: {
+        type: 'number',
+        label: 'Tool Output Truncation Lines',
+        category: 'General',
+        requiresRestart: false,
+        default: DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
+        description: 'The number of lines to keep when truncating tool output.',
+        showInDialog: true,
+      },
     },
   },
 

packages/cli/src/ui/components/messages/ToolGroupMessage.tsx

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 import type React from 'react';
 import { useMemo } from 'react';
-import { Box } from 'ink';
+import { Box, Text } from 'ink';
 import type { IndividualToolCallDisplay } from '../../types.js';
 import { ToolCallStatus } from '../../types.js';
 import { ToolMessage } from './ToolMessage.js';
@@ -121,6 +121,11 @@ export const ToolGroupMessage: React.FC<ToolGroupMessageProps> = ({
                   terminalWidth={innerWidth}
                 />
               )}
+            {tool.outputFile && (
+              <Box marginX={1}>
+                <Text>Output too long and was saved to: {tool.outputFile}</Text>
+              </Box>
+            )}
           </Box>
         );
       })}

packages/cli/src/ui/hooks/useReactToolScheduler.ts

@@ -247,6 +247,7 @@ export function mapToDisplay(
             status: mapCoreStatusToDisplayStatus(trackedCall.status),
             resultDisplay: trackedCall.response.resultDisplay,
             confirmationDetails: undefined,
+            outputFile: trackedCall.response.outputFile,
           };
         case 'error':
           return {

packages/cli/src/ui/hooks/useToolScheduler.test.ts

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ import type {
   AnyToolInvocation,
 } from '@google/gemini-cli-core';
 import {
+  DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
+  DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
   ToolConfirmationOutcome,
   ApprovalMode,
   MockTool,
@@ -54,6 +56,11 @@ const mockConfig = {
   getSessionId: () => 'test-session-id',
   getUsageStatisticsEnabled: () => true,
   getDebugMode: () => false,
+  storage: {
+    getProjectTempDir: () => '/tmp',
+  },
+  getTruncateToolOutputThreshold: () => DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+  getTruncateToolOutputLines: () => DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
   getAllowedTools: vi.fn(() => []),
   getContentGeneratorConfig: () => ({
     model: 'test-model',

packages/cli/src/ui/types.ts

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ export interface IndividualToolCallDisplay {
   status: ToolCallStatus;
   confirmationDetails: ToolCallConfirmationDetails | undefined;
   renderOutputAsMarkdown?: boolean;
+  outputFile?: string;
 }
 
 export interface CompressionProps {

packages/core/src/config/config.ts

@@ -110,6 +110,10 @@ export const DEFAULT_FILE_FILTERING_OPTIONS: FileFilteringOptions = {
   respectGitIgnore: true,
   respectGeminiIgnore: true,
 };
+
+export const DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD = 4_000_000;
+export const DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES = 1000;
+
 export class MCPServerConfig {
   constructor(
     // For stdio transport
@@ -210,6 +214,8 @@ export interface ConfigParameters {
   skipNextSpeakerCheck?: boolean;
   extensionManagement?: boolean;
   enablePromptCompletion?: boolean;
+  truncateToolOutputThreshold?: number;
+  truncateToolOutputLines?: number;
   eventEmitter?: EventEmitter;
   useSmartEdit?: boolean;
 }
@@ -284,6 +290,8 @@ export class Config {
   private readonly skipNextSpeakerCheck: boolean;
   private readonly extensionManagement: boolean = true;
   private readonly enablePromptCompletion: boolean = false;
+  private readonly truncateToolOutputThreshold: number;
+  private readonly truncateToolOutputLines: number;
   private initialized: boolean = false;
   readonly storage: Storage;
   private readonly fileExclusions: FileExclusions;
@@ -359,6 +367,11 @@ export class Config {
     this.useRipgrep = params.useRipgrep ?? false;
     this.shouldUseNodePtyShell = params.shouldUseNodePtyShell ?? false;
     this.skipNextSpeakerCheck = params.skipNextSpeakerCheck ?? false;
+    this.truncateToolOutputThreshold =
+      params.truncateToolOutputThreshold ??
+      DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD;
+    this.truncateToolOutputLines =
+      params.truncateToolOutputLines ?? DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES;
     this.useSmartEdit = params.useSmartEdit ?? true;
     this.extensionManagement = params.extensionManagement ?? true;
     this.storage = new Storage(this.targetDir);
@@ -809,6 +822,14 @@ export class Config {
     return this.enablePromptCompletion;
   }
 
+  getTruncateToolOutputThreshold(): number {
+    return this.truncateToolOutputThreshold;
+  }
+
+  getTruncateToolOutputLines(): number {
+    return this.truncateToolOutputLines;
+  }
+
   getUseSmartEdit(): boolean {
     return this.useSmartEdit;
   }

packages/core/src/core/coreToolScheduler.test.ts

@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
  */
 
-import { describe, it, expect, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
 import type { Mock } from 'vitest';
 import type { ToolCall, WaitingToolCall } from './coreToolScheduler.js';
 import {
   CoreToolScheduler,
   convertToFunctionResponse,
+  truncateAndSaveToFile,
 } from './coreToolScheduler.js';
 import type {
   ToolCallConfirmationDetails,
@@ -20,6 +21,8 @@ import type {
   ToolRegistry,
 } from '../index.js';
 import {
+  DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
+  DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
   BaseDeclarativeTool,
   BaseToolInvocation,
   ToolConfirmationOutcome,
@@ -28,6 +31,12 @@ import {
 } from '../index.js';
 import type { Part, PartListUnion } from '@google/genai';
 import { MockModifiableTool, MockTool } from '../test-utils/tools.js';
+import * as fs from 'node:fs/promises';
+import * as path from 'node:path';
+
+vi.mock('fs/promises', () => ({
+  writeFile: vi.fn(),
+}));
 
 class TestApprovalTool extends BaseDeclarativeTool<{ id: string }, ToolResult> {
   static readonly Name = 'testApprovalTool';
@@ -167,6 +176,12 @@ describe('CoreToolScheduler', () => {
         model: 'test-model',
         authType: 'oauth-personal',
       }),
+      storage: {
+        getProjectTempDir: () => '/tmp',
+      },
+      getTruncateToolOutputThreshold: () =>
+        DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+      getTruncateToolOutputLines: () => DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
       getToolRegistry: () => mockToolRegistry,
       getUseSmartEdit: () => false,
       getGeminiClient: () => null, // No client needed for these tests
@@ -268,6 +283,12 @@ describe('CoreToolScheduler with payload', () => {
         model: 'test-model',
         authType: 'oauth-personal',
       }),
+      storage: {
+        getProjectTempDir: () => '/tmp',
+      },
+      getTruncateToolOutputThreshold: () =>
+        DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+      getTruncateToolOutputLines: () => DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
       getToolRegistry: () => mockToolRegistry,
       getUseSmartEdit: () => false,
       getGeminiClient: () => null, // No client needed for these tests
@@ -306,7 +327,11 @@ describe('CoreToolScheduler with payload', () => {
       );
     }
 
-    expect(onAllToolCallsComplete).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    // Wait for the tool execution to complete
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(onAllToolCallsComplete).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
     const completedCalls = onAllToolCallsComplete.mock
       .calls[0][0] as ToolCall[];
     expect(completedCalls[0].status).toBe('success');
@@ -576,6 +601,9 @@ describe('CoreToolScheduler edit cancellation', () => {
         model: 'test-model',
         authType: 'oauth-personal',
       }),
+      storage: {
+        getProjectTempDir: () => '/tmp',
+      },
       getToolRegistry: () => mockToolRegistry,
       getUseSmartEdit: () => false,
       getGeminiClient: () => null, // No client needed for these tests
@@ -669,7 +697,13 @@ describe('CoreToolScheduler YOLO mode', () => {
         model: 'test-model',
         authType: 'oauth-personal',
       }),
+      storage: {
+        getProjectTempDir: () => '/tmp',
+      },
       getToolRegistry: () => mockToolRegistry,
+      getTruncateToolOutputThreshold: () =>
+        DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+      getTruncateToolOutputLines: () => DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
       getUseSmartEdit: () => false,
       getGeminiClient: () => null, // No client needed for these tests
     } as unknown as Config;
@@ -694,6 +728,11 @@ describe('CoreToolScheduler YOLO mode', () => {
     // Act
     await scheduler.schedule([request], abortController.signal);
 
+    // Wait for the tool execution to complete
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(onAllToolCallsComplete).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
     // Assert
     // 1. The tool's execute method was called directly.
     expect(mockTool.executeFn).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ param: 'value' });
@@ -711,7 +750,6 @@ describe('CoreToolScheduler YOLO mode', () => {
     ]);
 
     // 3. The final callback indicates the tool call was successful.
-    expect(onAllToolCallsComplete).toHaveBeenCalled();
     const completedCalls = onAllToolCallsComplete.mock
       .calls[0][0] as ToolCall[];
     expect(completedCalls).toHaveLength(1);
@@ -761,6 +799,12 @@ describe('CoreToolScheduler request queueing', () => {
         model: 'test-model',
         authType: 'oauth-personal',
       }),
+      storage: {
+        getProjectTempDir: () => '/tmp',
+      },
+      getTruncateToolOutputThreshold: () =>
+        DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+      getTruncateToolOutputLines: () => DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
       getToolRegistry: () => mockToolRegistry,
       getUseSmartEdit: () => false,
       getGeminiClient: () => null, // No client needed for these tests
@@ -880,6 +924,12 @@ describe('CoreToolScheduler request queueing', () => {
         model: 'test-model',
         authType: 'oauth-personal',
       }),
+      storage: {
+        getProjectTempDir: () => '/tmp',
+      },
+      getTruncateToolOutputThreshold: () =>
+        DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+      getTruncateToolOutputLines: () => DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
       getUseSmartEdit: () => false,
       getGeminiClient: () => null, // No client needed for these tests
     } as unknown as Config;
@@ -904,6 +954,11 @@ describe('CoreToolScheduler request queueing', () => {
     // Act
     await scheduler.schedule([request], abortController.signal);
 
+    // Wait for the tool execution to complete
+    await vi.waitFor(() => {
+      expect(onAllToolCallsComplete).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
     // Assert
     // 1. The tool's execute method was called directly.
     expect(mockTool.executeFn).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ param: 'value' });
@@ -961,6 +1016,12 @@ describe('CoreToolScheduler request queueing', () => {
         model: 'test-model',
         authType: 'oauth-personal',
       }),
+      storage: {
+        getProjectTempDir: () => '/tmp',
+      },
+      getTruncateToolOutputThreshold: () =>
+        DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+      getTruncateToolOutputLines: () => DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
       getToolRegistry: () => mockToolRegistry,
       getUseSmartEdit: () => false,
       getGeminiClient: () => null, // No client needed for these tests
@@ -1023,6 +1084,12 @@ describe('CoreToolScheduler request queueing', () => {
       setApprovalMode: (mode: ApprovalMode) => {
         approvalMode = mode;
       },
+      storage: {
+        getProjectTempDir: () => '/tmp',
+      },
+      getTruncateToolOutputThreshold: () =>
+        DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+      getTruncateToolOutputLines: () => DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
       getUseSmartEdit: () => false,
       getGeminiClient: () => null, // No client needed for these tests
     } as unknown as Config;
@@ -1143,3 +1210,224 @@ describe('CoreToolScheduler request queueing', () => {
     expect(approvalMode).toBe(ApprovalMode.AUTO_EDIT);
   });
 });
+
+describe('truncateAndSaveToFile', () => {
+  const mockWriteFile = vi.mocked(fs.writeFile);
+  const THRESHOLD = 40_000;
+  const TRUNCATE_LINES = 1000;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  it('should return content unchanged if below threshold', async () => {
+    const content = 'Short content';
+    const callId = 'test-call-id';
+    const projectTempDir = '/tmp';
+
+    const result = await truncateAndSaveToFile(
+      content,
+      callId,
+      projectTempDir,
+      THRESHOLD,
+      TRUNCATE_LINES,
+    );
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({ content });
+    expect(mockWriteFile).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('should truncate content by lines when content has many lines', async () => {
+    // Create content that exceeds 100,000 character threshold with many lines
+    const lines = Array(2000).fill('x'.repeat(100)); // 100 chars per line * 2000 lines = 200,000 chars
+    const content = lines.join('\n');
+    const callId = 'test-call-id';
+    const projectTempDir = '/tmp';
+
+    mockWriteFile.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+
+    const result = await truncateAndSaveToFile(
+      content,
+      callId,
+      projectTempDir,
+      THRESHOLD,
+      TRUNCATE_LINES,
+    );
+
+    expect(result.outputFile).toBe(
+      path.join(projectTempDir, `${callId}.output`),
+    );
+    expect(mockWriteFile).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      path.join(projectTempDir, `${callId}.output`),
+      content,
+    );
+
+    // Should contain the first and last lines with 1/5 head and 4/5 tail
+    const head = Math.floor(TRUNCATE_LINES / 5);
+    const beginning = lines.slice(0, head);
+    const end = lines.slice(-(TRUNCATE_LINES - head));
+    const expectedTruncated =
+      beginning.join('\n') + '\n... [CONTENT TRUNCATED] ...\n' + end.join('\n');
+
+    expect(result.content).toContain(
+      'Tool output was too large and has been truncated',
+    );
+    expect(result.content).toContain('Truncated part of the output:');
+    expect(result.content).toContain(expectedTruncated);
+  });
+
+  it('should wrap and truncate content when content has few but long lines', async () => {
+    const content = 'a'.repeat(200_000); // A single very long line
+    const callId = 'test-call-id';
+    const projectTempDir = '/tmp';
+    const wrapWidth = 120;
+
+    mockWriteFile.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+
+    // Manually wrap the content to generate the expected file content
+    const wrappedLines: string[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < content.length; i += wrapWidth) {
+      wrappedLines.push(content.substring(i, i + wrapWidth));
+    }
+    const expectedFileContent = wrappedLines.join('\n');
+
+    const result = await truncateAndSaveToFile(
+      content,
+      callId,
+      projectTempDir,
+      THRESHOLD,
+      TRUNCATE_LINES,
+    );
+
+    expect(result.outputFile).toBe(
+      path.join(projectTempDir, `${callId}.output`),
+    );
+    // Check that the file was written with the wrapped content
+    expect(mockWriteFile).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      path.join(projectTempDir, `${callId}.output`),
+      expectedFileContent,
+    );
+
+    // Should contain the first and last lines with 1/5 head and 4/5 tail of the wrapped content
+    const head = Math.floor(TRUNCATE_LINES / 5);
+    const beginning = wrappedLines.slice(0, head);
+    const end = wrappedLines.slice(-(TRUNCATE_LINES - head));
+    const expectedTruncated =
+      beginning.join('\n') + '\n... [CONTENT TRUNCATED] ...\n' + end.join('\n');
+    expect(result.content).toContain(
+      'Tool output was too large and has been truncated',
+    );
+    expect(result.content).toContain('Truncated part of the output:');
+    expect(result.content).toContain(expectedTruncated);
+  });
+
+  it('should handle file write errors gracefully', async () => {
+    const content = 'a'.repeat(2_000_000);
+    const callId = 'test-call-id';
+    const projectTempDir = '/tmp';
+
+    mockWriteFile.mockRejectedValue(new Error('File write failed'));
+
+    const result = await truncateAndSaveToFile(
+      content,
+      callId,
+      projectTempDir,
+      THRESHOLD,
+      TRUNCATE_LINES,
+    );
+
+    expect(result.outputFile).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(result.content).toContain(
+      '[Note: Could not save full output to file]',
+    );
+    expect(mockWriteFile).toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('should save to correct file path with call ID', async () => {
+    const content = 'a'.repeat(200_000);
+    const callId = 'unique-call-123';
+    const projectTempDir = '/custom/temp/dir';
+    const wrapWidth = 120;
+
+    mockWriteFile.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+
+    // Manually wrap the content to generate the expected file content
+    const wrappedLines: string[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < content.length; i += wrapWidth) {
+      wrappedLines.push(content.substring(i, i + wrapWidth));
+    }
+    const expectedFileContent = wrappedLines.join('\n');
+
+    const result = await truncateAndSaveToFile(
+      content,
+      callId,
+      projectTempDir,
+      THRESHOLD,
+      TRUNCATE_LINES,
+    );
+
+    const expectedPath = path.join(projectTempDir, `${callId}.output`);
+    expect(result.outputFile).toBe(expectedPath);
+    expect(mockWriteFile).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expectedPath,
+      expectedFileContent,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should include helpful instructions in truncated message', async () => {
+    const content = 'a'.repeat(2_000_000);
+    const callId = 'test-call-id';
+    const projectTempDir = '/tmp';
+
+    mockWriteFile.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+
+    const result = await truncateAndSaveToFile(
+      content,
+      callId,
+      projectTempDir,
+      THRESHOLD,
+      TRUNCATE_LINES,
+    );
+
+    expect(result.content).toContain(
+      'read_file tool with the absolute file path above',
+    );
+    expect(result.content).toContain('read_file tool with offset=0, limit=100');
+    expect(result.content).toContain(
+      'read_file tool with offset=N to skip N lines',
+    );
+    expect(result.content).toContain(
+      'read_file tool with limit=M to read only M lines',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should sanitize callId to prevent path traversal', async () => {
+    const content = 'a'.repeat(200_000);
+    const callId = '../../../../../etc/passwd';
+    const projectTempDir = '/tmp/safe_dir';
+    const wrapWidth = 120;
+
+    mockWriteFile.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+
+    // Manually wrap the content to generate the expected file content
+    const wrappedLines: string[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < content.length; i += wrapWidth) {
+      wrappedLines.push(content.substring(i, i + wrapWidth));
+    }
+    const expectedFileContent = wrappedLines.join('\n');
+
+    await truncateAndSaveToFile(
+      content,
+      callId,
+      projectTempDir,
+      THRESHOLD,
+      TRUNCATE_LINES,
+    );
+
+    const expectedPath = path.join(projectTempDir, 'passwd.output');
+    expect(mockWriteFile).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expectedPath,
+      expectedFileContent,
+    );
+  });
+});

packages/core/src/core/coreToolScheduler.ts

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import {
   ToolConfirmationOutcome,
   ApprovalMode,
   logToolCall,
+  ReadFileTool,
   ToolErrorType,
   ToolCallEvent,
 } from '../index.js';
@@ -32,6 +33,8 @@ import {
   modifyWithEditor,
 } from '../tools/modifiable-tool.js';
 import * as Diff from 'diff';
+import * as fs from 'node:fs/promises';
+import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { doesToolInvocationMatch } from '../utils/tool-utils.js';
 import levenshtein from 'fast-levenshtein';
 
@@ -243,6 +246,70 @@ const createErrorResponse = (
   errorType,
 });
 
+export async function truncateAndSaveToFile(
+  content: string,
+  callId: string,
+  projectTempDir: string,
+  threshold: number,
+  truncateLines: number,
+): Promise<{ content: string; outputFile?: string }> {
+  if (content.length <= threshold) {
+    return { content };
+  }
+
+  let lines = content.split('\n');
+  let fileContent = content;
+
+  // If the content is long but has few lines, wrap it to enable line-based truncation.
+  if (lines.length <= truncateLines) {
+    const wrapWidth = 120; // A reasonable width for wrapping.
+    const wrappedLines: string[] = [];
+    for (const line of lines) {
+      if (line.length > wrapWidth) {
+        for (let i = 0; i < line.length; i += wrapWidth) {
+          wrappedLines.push(line.substring(i, i + wrapWidth));
+        }
+      } else {
+        wrappedLines.push(line);
+      }
+    }
+    lines = wrappedLines;
+    fileContent = lines.join('\n');
+  }
+
+  const head = Math.floor(truncateLines / 5);
+  const beginning = lines.slice(0, head);
+  const end = lines.slice(-(truncateLines - head));
+  const truncatedContent =
+    beginning.join('\n') + '\n... [CONTENT TRUNCATED] ...\n' + end.join('\n');
+
+  // Sanitize callId to prevent path traversal.
+  const safeFileName = `${path.basename(callId)}.output`;
+  const outputFile = path.join(projectTempDir, safeFileName);
+  try {
+    await fs.writeFile(outputFile, fileContent);
+
+    return {
+      content: `Tool output was too large and has been truncated.
+The full output has been saved to: ${outputFile}
+To read the complete output, use the ${ReadFileTool.Name} tool with the absolute file path above. For large files, you can use the offset and limit parameters to read specific sections:
+- ${ReadFileTool.Name} tool with offset=0, limit=100 to see the first 100 lines
+- ${ReadFileTool.Name} tool with offset=N to skip N lines from the beginning
+- ${ReadFileTool.Name} tool with limit=M to read only M lines at a time
+The truncated output below shows the beginning and end of the content. The marker '... [CONTENT TRUNCATED] ...' indicates where content was removed.
+This allows you to efficiently examine different parts of the output without loading the entire file.
+Truncated part of the output:
+${truncatedContent}`,
+      outputFile,
+    };
+  } catch (_error) {
+    return {
+      content:
+        truncatedContent + `\n[Note: Could not save full output to file]`,
+    };
+  }
+}
+
 interface CoreToolSchedulerOptions {
   config: Config;
   outputUpdateHandler?: OutputUpdateHandler;
@@ -905,10 +972,25 @@ export class CoreToolScheduler {
             }
 
             if (toolResult.error === undefined) {
+              let content = toolResult.llmContent;
+              let outputFile: string | undefined = undefined;
+              if (
+                typeof content === 'string' &&
+                this.config.getTruncateToolOutputThreshold() > 0
+              ) {
+                ({ content, outputFile } = await truncateAndSaveToFile(
+                  content,
+                  callId,
+                  this.config.storage.getProjectTempDir(),
+                  this.config.getTruncateToolOutputThreshold(),
+                  this.config.getTruncateToolOutputLines(),
+                ));
+              }
+
               const response = convertToFunctionResponse(
                 toolName,
                 callId,
-                toolResult.llmContent,
+                content,
               );
               const successResponse: ToolCallResponseInfo = {
                 callId,
@@ -916,6 +998,7 @@ export class CoreToolScheduler {
                 resultDisplay: toolResult.returnDisplay,
                 error: undefined,
                 errorType: undefined,
+                outputFile,
               };
               this.setStatusInternal(callId, 'success', successResponse);
             } else {

packages/core/src/core/nonInteractiveToolExecutor.test.ts

@@ -12,7 +12,12 @@ import type {
   ToolResult,
   Config,
 } from '../index.js';
-import { ToolErrorType, ApprovalMode } from '../index.js';
+import {
+  DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
+  DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+  ToolErrorType,
+  ApprovalMode,
+} from '../index.js';
 import type { Part } from '@google/genai';
 import { MockTool } from '../test-utils/tools.js';
 
@@ -41,6 +46,12 @@ describe('executeToolCall', () => {
         model: 'test-model',
         authType: 'oauth-personal',
       }),
+      storage: {
+        getProjectTempDir: () => '/tmp',
+      },
+      getTruncateToolOutputThreshold: () =>
+        DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_THRESHOLD,
+      getTruncateToolOutputLines: () => DEFAULT_TRUNCATE_TOOL_OUTPUT_LINES,
       getUseSmartEdit: () => false,
       getGeminiClient: () => null, // No client needed for these tests
     } as unknown as Config;
@@ -75,6 +86,7 @@ describe('executeToolCall', () => {
       callId: 'call1',
       error: undefined,
       errorType: undefined,
+      outputFile: undefined,
       resultDisplay: 'Success!',
       responseParts: [
         {
@@ -274,6 +286,7 @@ describe('executeToolCall', () => {
       callId: 'call6',
       error: undefined,
       errorType: undefined,
+      outputFile: undefined,
       resultDisplay: 'Image processed',
       responseParts: [
         {

packages/core/src/core/turn.ts

@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ export interface ToolCallResponseInfo {
   resultDisplay: ToolResultDisplay | undefined;
   error: Error | undefined;
   errorType: ToolErrorType | undefined;
+  outputFile?: string | undefined;
 }
 
 export interface ServerToolCallConfirmationDetails {

packages/core/src/tools/read-file.test.ts

@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ describe('ReadFileTool', () => {
       getFileSystemService: () => new StandardFileSystemService(),
       getTargetDir: () => tempRootDir,
       getWorkspaceContext: () => createMockWorkspaceContext(tempRootDir),
+      storage: {
+        getProjectTempDir: () => path.join(tempRootDir, '.temp'),
+      },
     } as unknown as Config;
     tool = new ReadFileTool(mockConfigInstance);
   });
@@ -76,6 +79,24 @@ describe('ReadFileTool', () => {
       );
     });
 
+    it('should allow access to files in project temp directory', () => {
+      const tempDir = path.join(tempRootDir, '.temp');
+      const params: ReadFileToolParams = {
+        absolute_path: path.join(tempDir, 'temp-file.txt'),
+      };
+      const result = tool.build(params);
+      expect(typeof result).not.toBe('string');
+    });
+
+    it('should show temp directory in error message when path is outside workspace and temp dir', () => {
+      const params: ReadFileToolParams = {
+        absolute_path: '/completely/outside/path.txt',
+      };
+      expect(() => tool.build(params)).toThrow(
+        /File path must be within one of the workspace directories.*or within the project temp directory/,
+      );
+    });
+
     it('should throw error if path is empty', () => {
       const params: ReadFileToolParams = {
         absolute_path: '',
@@ -409,6 +430,24 @@ describe('ReadFileTool', () => {
       );
     });
 
+    it('should successfully read files from project temp directory', async () => {
+      const tempDir = path.join(tempRootDir, '.temp');
+      await fsp.mkdir(tempDir, { recursive: true });
+      const tempFilePath = path.join(tempDir, 'temp-output.txt');
+      const tempFileContent = 'This is temporary output content';
+      await fsp.writeFile(tempFilePath, tempFileContent, 'utf-8');
+
+      const params: ReadFileToolParams = { absolute_path: tempFilePath };
+      const invocation = tool.build(params) as ToolInvocation<
+        ReadFileToolParams,
+        ToolResult
+      >;
+
+      const result = await invocation.execute(abortSignal);
+      expect(result.llmContent).toBe(tempFileContent);
+      expect(result.returnDisplay).toBe('');
+    });
+
     describe('with .geminiignore', () => {
       beforeEach(async () => {
         await fsp.writeFile(

packages/core/src/tools/read-file.ts

@@ -180,9 +180,16 @@ export class ReadFileTool extends BaseDeclarativeTool<
     }
 
     const workspaceContext = this.config.getWorkspaceContext();
-    if (!workspaceContext.isPathWithinWorkspace(filePath)) {
+    const projectTempDir = this.config.storage.getProjectTempDir();
+    const resolvedFilePath = path.resolve(filePath);
+    const resolvedProjectTempDir = path.resolve(projectTempDir);
+    const isWithinTempDir =
+      resolvedFilePath.startsWith(resolvedProjectTempDir + path.sep) ||
+      resolvedFilePath === resolvedProjectTempDir;
+
+    if (!workspaceContext.isPathWithinWorkspace(filePath) && !isWithinTempDir) {
       const directories = workspaceContext.getDirectories();
-      return `File path must be within one of the workspace directories: ${directories.join(', ')}`;
+      return `File path must be within one of the workspace directories: ${directories.join(', ')} or within the project temp directory: ${projectTempDir}`;
     }
     if (params.offset !== undefined && params.offset < 0) {
       return 'Offset must be a non-negative number';