feat(core): centralize line truncation and apply to all tools

packages/core/src/code_assist/converter.ts

@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ import type {
   ModelSelectionConfig,
   GenerateContentResponsePromptFeedback,
   GenerateContentResponseUsageMetadata,
-  Part,
   SafetySetting,
-  PartUnion,
   SpeechConfigUnion,
   ThinkingConfig,
   ToolListUnion,
@@ -28,6 +26,11 @@ import type {
 } from '@google/genai';
 import { GenerateContentResponse } from '@google/genai';
 import { debugLogger } from '../utils/debugLogger.js';
+import {
+  isPart,
+  toParts,
+  toPartWithThoughtAsText,
+} from '../utils/partUtils.js';
 import type { Credits } from './types.js';
 
 export interface CAGenerateContentRequest {
@@ -193,22 +196,12 @@ function maybeToContent(content?: ContentUnion): Content | undefined {
   return toContent(content);
 }
 
-function isPart(c: ContentUnion): c is PartUnion {
-  return (
-    typeof c === 'object' &&
-    c !== null &&
-    !Array.isArray(c) &&
-    !('parts' in c) &&
-    !('role' in c)
-  );
-}
-
 function toContent(content: ContentUnion): Content {
   if (Array.isArray(content)) {
     // it's a PartsUnion[]
     return {
       role: 'user',
-      parts: toParts(content),
+      parts: toParts(content).map(toPartWithThoughtAsText),
     };
   }
   if (typeof content === 'string') {
@@ -222,65 +215,16 @@ function toContent(content: ContentUnion): Content {
     // it's a Content - process parts to handle thought filtering
     return {
       ...content,
-      parts: content.parts
+      parts: toParts(content.parts).map(toPartWithThoughtAsText),
-        ? toParts(content.parts.filter((p) => p != null))
-        : [],
     };
   }
   // it's a Part
   return {
     role: 'user',
-    parts: [toPart(content)],
+    parts: [toPartWithThoughtAsText(content)],
   };
 }
 
-export function toParts(parts: PartUnion[]): Part[] {
-  return parts.map(toPart);
-}
-
-function toPart(part: PartUnion): Part {
-  if (typeof part === 'string') {
-    // it's a string
-    return { text: part };
-  }
-
-  // Handle thought parts for CountToken API compatibility
-  // The CountToken API expects parts to have certain required "oneof" fields initialized,
-  // but thought parts don't conform to this schema and cause API failures
-  if ('thought' in part && part.thought) {
-    const thoughtText = `[Thought: ${part.thought}]`;
-
-    const newPart = { ...part };
-    delete (newPart as Record<string, unknown>)['thought'];
-
-    const hasApiContent =
-      'functionCall' in newPart ||
-      'functionResponse' in newPart ||
-      'inlineData' in newPart ||
-      'fileData' in newPart;
-
-    if (hasApiContent) {
-      // It's a functionCall or other non-text part. Just strip the thought.
-      return newPart;
-    }
-
-    // If no other valid API content, this must be a text part.
-    // Combine existing text (if any) with the thought, preserving other properties.
-    const text = (newPart as { text?: unknown }).text;
-    const existingText = text ? String(text) : '';
-    const combinedText = existingText
-      ? `${existingText}\n${thoughtText}`
-      : thoughtText;
-
-    return {
-      ...newPart,
-      text: combinedText,
-    };
-  }
-
-  return part;
-}
-
 function toVertexGenerationConfig(
   config?: GenerateContentConfig,
 ): VertexGenerationConfig | undefined {

packages/core/src/core/geminiChat.ts

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import type {
   GenerateContentConfig,
   GenerateContentParameters,
 } from '@google/genai';
-import { toParts } from '../code_assist/converter.js';
+import { toParts } from '../utils/partUtils.js';
 import { createUserContent, FinishReason } from '@google/genai';
 import { retryWithBackoff, isRetryableError } from '../utils/retry.js';
 import type { ValidationRequiredError } from '../utils/googleQuotaErrors.js';

packages/core/src/hooks/hookTranslator.ts

@@ -12,7 +12,12 @@ import type {
   FunctionCallingConfig,
 } from '@google/genai';
 import { DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL } from '../config/models.js';
-import { getResponseText } from '../utils/partUtils.js';
+import {
+  getResponseText,
+  isContent,
+  isTextPart,
+  toParts,
+} from '../utils/partUtils.js';
 
 /**
  * Decoupled LLM request format - stable across Gemini CLI versions
@@ -87,32 +92,6 @@ export abstract class HookTranslator {
   abstract fromHookToolConfig(hookToolConfig: HookToolConfig): ToolConfig;
 }
 
-/**
- * Type guard to check if a value has a text property
- */
-function hasTextProperty(value: unknown): value is { text: string } {
-  return (
-    typeof value === 'object' &&
-    value !== null &&
-    'text' in value &&
-    typeof (value as { text: unknown }).text === 'string'
-  );
-}
-
-/**
- * Type guard to check if content has role and parts properties
- */
-function isContentWithParts(
-  content: unknown,
-): content is { role: string; parts: unknown } {
-  return (
-    typeof content === 'object' &&
-    content !== null &&
-    'role' in content &&
-    'parts' in content
-  );
-}
-
 /**
  * Helper to safely extract generation config from SDK request
  * The SDK uses a config field that contains generation parameters
@@ -174,7 +153,7 @@ export class HookTranslatorGenAIv1 extends HookTranslator {
             role: 'user',
             content,
           });
-        } else if (isContentWithParts(content)) {
+        } else if (isContent(content)) {
           const role =
             content.role === 'model'
               ? ('model' as const)
@@ -182,13 +161,11 @@ export class HookTranslatorGenAIv1 extends HookTranslator {
                 ? ('system' as const)
                 : ('user' as const);
 
-          const parts = Array.isArray(content.parts)
+          const parts = toParts(content.parts);
-            ? content.parts
-            : [content.parts];
 
           // Extract only text parts - intentionally filtering out non-text content
           const textContent = parts
-            .filter(hasTextProperty)
+            .filter(isTextPart)
             .map((part) => part.text)
             .join('');
 
@@ -273,7 +250,7 @@ export class HookTranslatorGenAIv1 extends HookTranslator {
         // Extract text parts from the candidate
         const textParts =
           candidate.content?.parts
-            ?.filter(hasTextProperty)
+            ?.filter(isTextPart)
             .map((part) => part.text) || [];
 
         return {

packages/core/src/routing/strategies/numericalClassifierStrategy.ts

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import { resolveClassifierModel, isGemini3Model } from '../../config/models.js';
 import { createUserContent, Type } from '@google/genai';
 import type { Config } from '../../config/config.js';
 import { debugLogger } from '../../utils/debugLogger.js';
+import { toParts } from '../../utils/partUtils.js';
 import type { LocalLiteRtLmClient } from '../../core/localLiteRtLmClient.js';
 import { LlmRole } from '../../telemetry/types.js';
 import { AuthType } from '../../core/contentGenerator.js';
@@ -152,14 +153,9 @@ export class NumericalClassifierStrategy implements RoutingStrategy {
       const finalHistory = context.history.slice(-HISTORY_TURNS_FOR_CONTEXT);
 
       // Wrap the user's request in tags to prevent prompt injection
-      const requestParts = Array.isArray(context.request)
+      const requestParts = toParts(context.request);
-        ? context.request
-        : [context.request];
 
       const sanitizedRequest = requestParts.map((part) => {
-        if (typeof part === 'string') {
-          return { text: part };
-        }
         if (part.text) {
           return { text: part.text };
         }

packages/core/src/scheduler/tool-executor.test.ts

@@ -10,10 +10,15 @@ import {
   type Config,
   type ToolResult,
   type AnyToolInvocation,
+  type AnyDeclarativeTool,
 } from '../index.js';
 import { makeFakeConfig } from '../test-utils/config.js';
 import { MockTool } from '../test-utils/mock-tool.js';
-import type { ScheduledToolCall } from './types.js';
+import type {
+  ScheduledToolCall,
+  SuccessfulToolCall,
+  ToolCall,
+} from './types.js';
 import { CoreToolCallStatus } from './types.js';
 import { SHELL_TOOL_NAME } from '../tools/tool-names.js';
 import { DiscoveredMCPTool } from '../tools/mcp-tool.js';
@@ -28,6 +33,7 @@ import {
   GEN_AI_TOOL_DESCRIPTION,
   GEN_AI_TOOL_NAME,
 } from '../telemetry/constants.js';
+import { DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH } from '../utils/constants.js';
 
 // Mock file utils
 vi.mock('../utils/fileUtils.js', () => ({
@@ -136,7 +142,7 @@ describe('ToolExecutor', () => {
 
     const spanArgs = vi.mocked(runInDevTraceSpan).mock.calls[0];
     const fn = spanArgs[1];
-    const metadata = { attributes: {} };
+    const metadata = { name: 'test-span', attributes: {} };
     await fn({ metadata, endSpan: vi.fn() });
     expect(metadata).toMatchObject({
       input: scheduledCall.request,
@@ -199,7 +205,7 @@ describe('ToolExecutor', () => {
 
     const spanArgs = vi.mocked(runInDevTraceSpan).mock.calls[0];
     const fn = spanArgs[1];
-    const metadata = { attributes: {} };
+    const metadata = { name: 'test-span', attributes: {} };
     await fn({ metadata, endSpan: vi.fn() });
     expect(metadata).toMatchObject({
       error: new Error('Tool Failed'),
@@ -528,4 +534,56 @@ describe('ToolExecutor', () => {
       }),
     );
   });
+
+  it('should truncate excessively long lines in multi-part tool results (subagent/MCP style)', async () => {
+    const longLine = 'a'.repeat(DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH + 100);
+    const multiPartCall: ToolCall = {
+      status: CoreToolCallStatus.Scheduled,
+      request: {
+        callId: 'call-multipart',
+        name: 'testTool',
+        args: {},
+        isClientInitiated: false,
+        prompt_id: 'p1',
+      },
+      tool: {
+        name: 'testTool',
+        description: 'desc',
+        parametersJsonSchema: {},
+        isReadOnly: true,
+      } as unknown as AnyDeclarativeTool,
+      invocation: {
+        execute: vi.fn(),
+      } as unknown as AnyToolInvocation,
+    };
+
+    vi.mocked(coreToolHookTriggers.executeToolWithHooks).mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      llmContent: [
+        { text: 'short line' },
+        { text: `prefix ${longLine} suffix` },
+      ],
+      returnDisplay: 'done',
+    });
+
+    const result = await executor.execute({
+      call: multiPartCall,
+      signal: new AbortController().signal,
+      onUpdateToolCall: vi.fn(),
+    });
+
+    expect(result.status).toBe(CoreToolCallStatus.Success);
+    const response = (result as SuccessfulToolCall).response;
+    expect(response.responseParts).toHaveLength(1);
+    const firstPart = response.responseParts[0];
+    const functionResponse =
+      'functionResponse' in firstPart ? firstPart.functionResponse : undefined;
+    if (!functionResponse) {
+      throw new Error('Expected functionResponse part');
+    }
+    const outputText = (functionResponse.response as { output: string }).output;
+
+    expect(outputText).toContain('short line');
+    expect(outputText).toContain('[Truncated');
+    expect(outputText.length).toBeLessThan(longLine.length + 100);
+  });
 });

packages/core/src/scheduler/tool-executor.ts

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import { ToolOutputTruncatedEvent } from '../telemetry/types.js';
 import { runInDevTraceSpan } from '../telemetry/trace.js';
 import { truncateLongLines } from '../utils/textUtils.js';
 import { DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH } from '../utils/constants.js';
-import { SHELL_TOOL_NAME } from '../tools/tool-names.js';
 import { DiscoveredMCPTool } from '../tools/mcp-tool.js';
 import { ShellToolInvocation } from '../tools/shell.js';
 import { executeToolWithHooks } from '../core/coreToolHookTriggers.js';
@@ -24,6 +23,7 @@ import {
   saveTruncatedToolOutput,
   formatTruncatedToolOutput,
 } from '../utils/fileUtils.js';
+import { isTextPart } from '../utils/partUtils.js';
 import { convertToFunctionResponse } from '../utils/generateContentResponseUtilities.js';
 import type {
   CompletedToolCall,
@@ -232,16 +232,12 @@ export class ToolExecutor {
     call: ToolCall,
     toolResult: ToolResult,
   ): Promise<SuccessfulToolCall> {
-    let content = toolResult.llmContent;
-    let outputFile: string | undefined;
     const toolName = call.request.originalRequestName || call.request.name;
     const callId = call.request.callId;
+    let content = toolResult.llmContent;
+    let outputFile: string | undefined;
 
     if (typeof content === 'string') {
-      content = truncateLongLines(content, DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH);
-    }
-
-    if (typeof content === 'string' && toolName === SHELL_TOOL_NAME) {
       const threshold = this.config.getTruncateToolOutputThreshold();
 
       if (threshold > 0 && content.length > threshold) {
@@ -273,7 +269,7 @@ export class ToolExecutor {
       call.tool instanceof DiscoveredMCPTool
     ) {
       const firstPart = content[0];
-      if (typeof firstPart === 'object' && typeof firstPart.text === 'string') {
+      if (isTextPart(firstPart)) {
         const textContent = firstPart.text;
         const threshold = this.config.getTruncateToolOutputThreshold();
 
@@ -307,6 +303,43 @@ export class ToolExecutor {
       }
     }
 
+    // Final safety pass: truncate excessively long lines in every tool result (including subagents and MCP tools).
+    // This acts as a universal guardrail to prevent token-limit errors.
+    /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any, @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-assignment, @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-return */
+    if (typeof content === 'string') {
+      content = truncateLongLines(content, DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH);
+    } else if (Array.isArray(content)) {
+      content = Array.from(content as unknown[]).map((part: any) => {
+        if (typeof part?.text === 'string') {
+          return {
+            ...part,
+            text: truncateLongLines(part.text, DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH),
+          };
+        }
+        if (typeof part?.thought === 'string') {
+          return {
+            ...part,
+            thought: truncateLongLines(part.thought, DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH),
+          };
+        }
+        return part;
+      });
+    } else {
+      const p: any = content;
+      if (typeof p?.text === 'string') {
+        content = {
+          ...p,
+          text: truncateLongLines(p.text, DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH),
+        };
+      } else if (typeof p?.thought === 'string') {
+        content = {
+          ...p,
+          thought: truncateLongLines(p.thought, DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH),
+        };
+      }
+    }
+    /* eslint-enable @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any, @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-assignment, @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-return */
+
     const response = convertToFunctionResponse(
       toolName,
       callId,

packages/core/src/telemetry/semantic.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import type {
   PartUnion,
 } from '@google/genai';
 import { truncateString } from '../utils/textUtils.js';
+import { isPart } from '../utils/partUtils.js';
 
 // 160KB limit for the total size of string content in a log entry.
 // The total log entry size limit is 256KB. We leave ~96KB (approx 37%) for JSON overhead (escaping, structure) and other fields.
@@ -131,15 +132,6 @@ export function toInputMessages(contents: Content[]): InputMessages {
   return messages;
 }
 
-function isPart(value: unknown): value is Part {
-  return (
-    typeof value === 'object' &&
-    value !== null &&
-    !Array.isArray(value) &&
-    !('parts' in value)
-  );
-}
-
 function toPart(part: PartUnion): Part {
   if (typeof part === 'string') {
     return { text: part };

packages/core/src/tools/definitions/model-family-sets/gemini-3.ts

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ import {
 } from '../dynamic-declaration-helpers.js';
 import {
   DEFAULT_MAX_LINES_TEXT_FILE,
-  MAX_LINE_LENGTH_TEXT_FILE,
+  DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH,
   MAX_FILE_SIZE_MB,
 } from '../../../utils/constants.js';
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ import {
 export const GEMINI_3_SET: CoreToolSet = {
   read_file: {
     name: READ_FILE_TOOL_NAME,
-    description: `Reads and returns the content of a specified file. To maintain context efficiency, you MUST use 'start_line' and 'end_line' for targeted, surgical reads of specific sections. For your safety, the tool will automatically truncate output exceeding ${DEFAULT_MAX_LINES_TEXT_FILE} lines, ${MAX_LINE_LENGTH_TEXT_FILE} characters per line, or ${MAX_FILE_SIZE_MB}MB in size; however, triggering these limits is considered token-inefficient. Always retrieve only the minimum content necessary for your next step. Handles text, images (PNG, JPG, GIF, WEBP, SVG, BMP), audio files (MP3, WAV, AIFF, AAC, OGG, FLAC), and PDF files.`,
+    description: `Reads and returns the content of a specified file. To maintain context efficiency, you MUST use 'start_line' and 'end_line' for targeted, surgical reads of specific sections. For your safety, the tool will automatically truncate output exceeding ${DEFAULT_MAX_LINES_TEXT_FILE} lines, ${DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH} characters per line, or ${MAX_FILE_SIZE_MB}MB in size; however, triggering these limits is considered token-inefficient. Always retrieve only the minimum content necessary for your next step. Handles text, images (PNG, JPG, GIF, WEBP, SVG, BMP), audio files (MP3, WAV, AIFF, AAC, OGG, FLAC), and PDF files.`,
     parametersJsonSchema: {
       type: 'object',
       properties: {

packages/core/src/tools/read-file.test.ts

@@ -290,21 +290,16 @@ describe('ReadFileTool', () => {
         'File size exceeds the 20MB limit',
       );
     });
-
+    it('should return full lines regardless of length, relying on central truncation in ToolExecutor', async () => {
-    it('should handle text file with lines exceeding maximum length', async () => {
       const filePath = path.join(tempRootDir, 'longlines.txt');
-      const longLine = 'a'.repeat(2500); // Exceeds MAX_LINE_LENGTH_TEXT_FILE (2000)
+      const longLine = 'a'.repeat(2500); // Exceeds DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH (2000)
       const fileContent = `Short line\n${longLine}\nAnother short line`;
       await fsp.writeFile(filePath, fileContent, 'utf-8');
       const params: ReadFileToolParams = { file_path: filePath };
       const invocation = tool.build(params);
 
       const result = await invocation.execute(abortSignal);
-      expect(result.llmContent).toContain(
+      expect(result.llmContent).toContain(longLine);
-        'IMPORTANT: The file content has been truncated',
-      );
-      expect(result.llmContent).toContain('--- FILE CONTENT (truncated) ---');
-      expect(result.returnDisplay).toContain('some lines were shortened');
     });
 
     it('should handle image file and return appropriate content', async () => {

packages/core/src/tools/ripGrep.test.ts

@@ -740,6 +740,43 @@ describe('RipGrepTool', () => {
       expect(result.returnDisplay).toContain('Found 1 match');
     });
 
+    it('should truncate extremely long lines to prevent token limit errors', async () => {
+      const filePath = path.join(tempRootDir, 'longFile.txt');
+      await fs.writeFile(filePath, 'dummy content');
+
+      // Create a 20,000 character long line
+      const longPrefix = 'A'.repeat(10000);
+      const longSuffix = 'B'.repeat(10000);
+      const longLine = `${longPrefix} match ${longSuffix}\n`;
+
+      mockSpawn.mockImplementation(
+        createMockSpawn({
+          outputData:
+            JSON.stringify({
+              type: 'match',
+              data: {
+                path: { text: 'longFile.txt' },
+                line_number: 1,
+                lines: { text: longLine },
+                submatches: [
+                  { match: { text: 'match' }, start: 10001, end: 10006 },
+                ],
+              },
+            }) + '\n',
+          exitCode: 0,
+        }),
+      );
+
+      const params: RipGrepToolParams = { pattern: 'match', no_ignore: true };
+      const invocation = grepTool.build(params);
+      const result = await invocation.execute(abortSignal);
+
+      expect(result.llmContent).toContain('longFile.txt');
+      expect(result.llmContent).toContain('[Truncated: showing characters');
+      expect(result.llmContent).toContain('match');
+      expect(result.llmContent).toContain('of 20007');
+    });
+
     it('should handle regex special characters correctly', async () => {
       // Setup specific mock for this test - regex pattern 'foo.*bar' should match 'const foo = "bar";'
       mockSpawn.mockImplementation(

packages/core/src/tools/ripGrep.ts

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ import {
 } from '../utils/ignorePatterns.js';
 import { FileDiscoveryService } from '../services/fileDiscoveryService.js';
 import { execStreaming } from '../utils/shell-utils.js';
+import { truncateLine } from '../utils/textUtils.js';
+import { DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH } from '../utils/constants.js';
 import {
   DEFAULT_TOTAL_MAX_MATCHES,
   DEFAULT_SEARCH_TIMEOUT_MS,
@@ -33,6 +35,34 @@ import { RIP_GREP_DEFINITION } from './definitions/coreTools.js';
 import { resolveToolDeclaration } from './definitions/resolver.js';
 import { type GrepMatch, formatGrepResults } from './grep-utils.js';
 
+interface RipGrepJson {
+  type: string;
+  data: RipGrepData;
+}
+
+interface RipGrepData {
+  path: { text: string };
+  line_number: number;
+  lines: { text: string };
+  submatches?: Array<{
+    match: { text: string };
+    start: number;
+    end: number;
+  }>;
+}
+
+function isRipGrepJson(value: unknown): value is RipGrepJson {
+  return (
+    typeof value === 'object' &&
+    value !== null &&
+    'type' in value &&
+    typeof (value as { type: unknown }).type === 'string' &&
+    'data' in value &&
+    typeof (value as { data: unknown }).data === 'object' &&
+    (value as { data: unknown }).data !== null
+  );
+}
+
 function getRgCandidateFilenames(): readonly string[] {
   return process.platform === 'win32' ? ['rg.exe', 'rg'] : ['rg'];
 }
@@ -494,34 +524,51 @@ class GrepToolInvocation extends BaseToolInvocation<
     basePath: string,
   ): GrepMatch | null {
     try {
-      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-assignment
+      const json: unknown = JSON.parse(line);
-      const json = JSON.parse(line);
+      if (isRipGrepJson(json)) {
-      if (json.type === 'match' || json.type === 'context') {
+        if (json.type === 'match' || json.type === 'context') {
-        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-assignment
+          const data = json.data;
-        const data = json.data;
+          // Defensive check: ensure text properties exist (skips binary/invalid encoding)
-        // Defensive check: ensure text properties exist (skips binary/invalid encoding)
+          if (data.path?.text && data.lines?.text) {
-        if (data.path?.text && data.lines?.text) {
+            const absoluteFilePath = path.resolve(basePath, data.path.text);
-          const absoluteFilePath = path.resolve(basePath, data.path.text);
+            const relativeCheck = path.relative(basePath, absoluteFilePath);
-          const relativeCheck = path.relative(basePath, absoluteFilePath);
+            if (
-          if (
+              relativeCheck === '..' ||
-            relativeCheck === '..' ||
+              relativeCheck.startsWith(`..${path.sep}`) ||
-            relativeCheck.startsWith(`..${path.sep}`) ||
+              path.isAbsolute(relativeCheck)
-            path.isAbsolute(relativeCheck)
+            ) {
-          ) {
+              return null;
-            return null;
+            }
+
+            const relativeFilePath = path.relative(basePath, absoluteFilePath);
+
+            let lineText = data.lines.text.trimEnd();
+
+            if (lineText.length > DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
+              const centerIndex =
+                data.submatches &&
+                Array.isArray(data.submatches) &&
+                data.submatches.length > 0
+                  ? Math.floor(
+                      (data.submatches[0].start + data.submatches[0].end) / 2,
+                    )
+                  : undefined;
+
+              lineText = truncateLine(lineText, {
+                maxLength: DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH,
+                centerIndex,
+                includeStats: true,
+              });
+            }
+
+            return {
+              absolutePath: absoluteFilePath,
+              filePath: relativeFilePath || path.basename(absoluteFilePath),
+              lineNumber: data.line_number,
+              line: lineText,
+              isContext: json.type === 'context',
+            };
           }
-
-          const relativeFilePath = path.relative(basePath, absoluteFilePath);
-
-          return {
-            absolutePath: absoluteFilePath,
-            filePath: relativeFilePath || path.basename(absoluteFilePath),
-            // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-assignment
-            lineNumber: data.line_number,
-            // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-assignment
-            line: data.lines.text.trimEnd(),
-            isContext: json.type === 'context',
-          };
         }
       }
     } catch (error) {

packages/core/src/utils/constants.ts

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 export const REFERENCE_CONTENT_START = '--- Content from referenced files ---';
 export const REFERENCE_CONTENT_END = '--- End of content ---';
+export const DEFAULT_MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 2000;
 
 export const DEFAULT_MAX_LINES_TEXT_FILE = 2000;
-export const MAX_LINE_LENGTH_TEXT_FILE = 2000;
 export const MAX_FILE_SIZE_MB = 20;

packages/core/src/utils/fileUtils.ts

@@ -15,11 +15,7 @@ import { ToolErrorType } from '../tools/tool-error.js';
 import { BINARY_EXTENSIONS } from './ignorePatterns.js';
 import { createRequire as createModuleRequire } from 'node:module';
 import { debugLogger } from './debugLogger.js';
-import {
+import { DEFAULT_MAX_LINES_TEXT_FILE, MAX_FILE_SIZE_MB } from './constants.js';
-  DEFAULT_MAX_LINES_TEXT_FILE,
-  MAX_LINE_LENGTH_TEXT_FILE,
-  MAX_FILE_SIZE_MB,
-} from './constants.js';
 
 const requireModule = createModuleRequire(import.meta.url);
 
@@ -495,22 +491,8 @@ export async function processSingleFileContent(
         const actualStart = Math.min(sliceStart, originalLineCount);
         const selectedLines = lines.slice(actualStart, sliceEnd);
 
-        let linesWereTruncatedInLength = false;
+        const isTruncated = actualStart > 0 || sliceEnd < originalLineCount;
-        const formattedLines = selectedLines.map((line) => {
+        const llmContent = selectedLines.join('\n');
-          if (line.length > MAX_LINE_LENGTH_TEXT_FILE) {
-            linesWereTruncatedInLength = true;
-            return (
-              line.substring(0, MAX_LINE_LENGTH_TEXT_FILE) + '... [truncated]'
-            );
-          }
-          return line;
-        });
-
-        const isTruncated =
-          actualStart > 0 ||
-          sliceEnd < originalLineCount ||
-          linesWereTruncatedInLength;
-        const llmContent = formattedLines.join('\n');
 
         // By default, return nothing to streamline the common case of a successful read_file.
         let returnDisplay = '';
@@ -518,11 +500,6 @@ export async function processSingleFileContent(
           returnDisplay = `Read lines ${
             actualStart + 1
           }-${sliceEnd} of ${originalLineCount} from ${relativePathForDisplay}`;
-          if (linesWereTruncatedInLength) {
-            returnDisplay += ' (some lines were shortened)';
-          }
-        } else if (linesWereTruncatedInLength) {
-          returnDisplay = `Read all ${originalLineCount} lines from ${relativePathForDisplay} (some lines were shortened)`;
         }
 
         return {

packages/core/src/utils/generateContentResponseUtilities.ts

@@ -10,7 +10,14 @@ import type {
   FunctionCall,
   PartListUnion,
 } from '@google/genai';
-import { getResponseText } from './partUtils.js';
+import {
+  isTextPart,
+  isInlineDataPart,
+  isFileDataPart,
+  isFunctionResponsePart,
+  getResponseText,
+  toParts,
+} from './partUtils.js';
 import { supportsMultimodalFunctionResponse } from '../config/models.js';
 import { debugLogger } from './debugLogger.js';
 
@@ -31,18 +38,6 @@ function createFunctionResponsePart(
   };
 }
 
-function toParts(input: PartListUnion): Part[] {
-  const parts: Part[] = [];
-  for (const part of Array.isArray(input) ? input : [input]) {
-    if (typeof part === 'string') {
-      parts.push({ text: part });
-    } else if (part) {
-      parts.push(part);
-    }
-  }
-  return parts;
-}
-
 export function convertToFunctionResponse(
   toolName: string,
   callId: string,
@@ -61,13 +56,13 @@ export function convertToFunctionResponse(
   const fileDataParts: Part[] = [];
 
   for (const part of parts) {
-    if (part.text !== undefined) {
+    if (isTextPart(part)) {
       textParts.push(part.text);
-    } else if (part.inlineData) {
+    } else if (isInlineDataPart(part)) {
       inlineDataParts.push(part);
-    } else if (part.fileData) {
+    } else if (isFileDataPart(part)) {
       fileDataParts.push(part);
-    } else if (part.functionResponse) {
+    } else if (isFunctionResponsePart(part)) {
       if (parts.length > 1) {
         debugLogger.warn(
           'convertToFunctionResponse received multiple parts with a functionResponse. Only the functionResponse will be used, other parts will be ignored',

packages/core/src/utils/partUtils.test.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@ import {
   getResponseText,
   flatMapTextParts,
   appendToLastTextPart,
+  isPart,
+  isTextPart,
+  isContent,
+  isFunctionCallPart,
+  isFunctionResponsePart,
+  isInlineDataPart,
+  isFileDataPart,
 } from './partUtils.js';
 import type { GenerateContentResponse, Part, PartUnion } from '@google/genai';
 
@@ -28,6 +35,61 @@ const mockResponse = (
 });
 
 describe('partUtils', () => {
+  describe('type guards', () => {
+    it('isPart', () => {
+      expect(isPart({ text: 'hi' })).toBe(true);
+      expect(isPart({ functionCall: { name: 'f' } })).toBe(true);
+      expect(isPart('string')).toBe(false);
+      expect(isPart(['array'])).toBe(false);
+      expect(isPart({ parts: [] })).toBe(false);
+      expect(isPart(null)).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('isTextPart', () => {
+      expect(isTextPart({ text: 'hi' })).toBe(true);
+      expect(isTextPart({ text: '' })).toBe(true);
+      expect(isTextPart({ functionCall: { name: 'f' } })).toBe(false);
+      expect(isTextPart({ text: 123 })).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('isContent', () => {
+      expect(isContent({ parts: [] })).toBe(true);
+      expect(isContent({ role: 'user', parts: [{ text: 'hi' }] })).toBe(true);
+      expect(isContent({ text: 'hi' })).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('isFunctionCallPart', () => {
+      expect(isFunctionCallPart({ functionCall: { name: 'f' } })).toBe(true);
+      expect(
+        isFunctionCallPart({ functionCall: { name: 'f', args: {} } }),
+      ).toBe(true);
+      expect(isFunctionCallPart({ text: 'hi' })).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('isFunctionResponsePart', () => {
+      expect(
+        isFunctionResponsePart({
+          functionResponse: { name: 'f', response: {} },
+        }),
+      ).toBe(true);
+      expect(isFunctionResponsePart({ text: 'hi' })).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('isInlineDataPart', () => {
+      expect(
+        isInlineDataPart({ inlineData: { mimeType: 't', data: 'd' } }),
+      ).toBe(true);
+      expect(isInlineDataPart({ text: 'hi' })).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('isFileDataPart', () => {
+      expect(
+        isFileDataPart({ fileData: { mimeType: 't', fileUri: 'u' } }),
+      ).toBe(true);
+      expect(isFileDataPart({ text: 'hi' })).toBe(false);
+    });
+  });
+
   describe('partToString (default behavior)', () => {
     it('should return empty string for undefined or null', () => {
       // @ts-expect-error Testing invalid input
@@ -81,7 +143,7 @@ describe('partUtils', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return descriptive string for videoMetadata part', () => {
-      const part = { videoMetadata: {} } as Part;
+      const part: Part = { videoMetadata: {} };
       expect(partToString(part, verboseOptions)).toBe('[Video Metadata]');
     });
 
@@ -91,38 +153,44 @@ describe('partUtils', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return descriptive string for codeExecutionResult part', () => {
-      const part = { codeExecutionResult: {} } as Part;
+      const part: Part = { codeExecutionResult: {} };
       expect(partToString(part, verboseOptions)).toBe(
         '[Code Execution Result]',
       );
     });
 
     it('should return descriptive string for executableCode part', () => {
-      const part = { executableCode: {} } as Part;
+      const part: Part = { executableCode: {} };
       expect(partToString(part, verboseOptions)).toBe('[Executable Code]');
     });
 
     it('should return descriptive string for fileData part', () => {
-      const part = { fileData: {} } as Part;
+      const part: Part = {
+        fileData: { mimeType: 'image/png', fileUri: 'u' },
+      };
       expect(partToString(part, verboseOptions)).toBe('[File Data]');
     });
 
-    it('should return descriptive string for functionCall part', () => {
+    it('should return descriptive string for functionCall }', () => {
-      const part = { functionCall: { name: 'myFunction' } } as Part;
+      const part: Part = { functionCall: { name: 'myFunction' } };
       expect(partToString(part, verboseOptions)).toBe(
         '[Function Call: myFunction]',
       );
     });
 
     it('should return descriptive string for functionResponse part', () => {
-      const part = { functionResponse: { name: 'myFunction' } } as Part;
+      const part: Part = {
+        functionResponse: { name: 'myFunction', response: {} },
+      };
       expect(partToString(part, verboseOptions)).toBe(
         '[Function Response: myFunction]',
       );
     });
 
     it('should return descriptive string for inlineData part', () => {
-      const part = { inlineData: { mimeType: 'image/png', data: '' } } as Part;
+      const part: Part = {
+        inlineData: { mimeType: 'image/png', data: '' },
+      };
       expect(partToString(part, verboseOptions)).toBe('<image/png>');
     });
 

packages/core/src/utils/partUtils.ts

@@ -3,14 +3,209 @@
  * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
  */
-
 import type {
   GenerateContentResponse,
   PartListUnion,
   Part,
   PartUnion,
+  Content,
+  FunctionCall,
+  FunctionResponse,
+  Blob as InlineData,
+  FileData,
 } from '@google/genai';
 
+/**
+ * Type guard to check if a value is a Gemini Part object.
+ */
+export function isPart(value: unknown): value is Part {
+  return (
+    typeof value === 'object' &&
+    value !== null &&
+    !Array.isArray(value) &&
+    !('parts' in value)
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Type guard to check if a value is a text-based Part object.
+ */
+export function isTextPart(value: unknown): value is { text: string } {
+  return (
+    typeof value === 'object' &&
+    value !== null &&
+    'text' in value &&
+    typeof (value as Record<string, unknown>)['text'] === 'string'
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Type guard to check if a value is a Gemini Content object.
+ */
+export function isContent(value: unknown): value is Content {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && 'parts' in value;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalizes a PartListUnion or Content parts into a standard Part array.
+ * Filters out null or undefined items.
+ */
+export function toParts(value: PartListUnion | undefined | null): Part[] {
+  if (value == null) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  const array = Array.isArray(value) ? value : [value];
+  return array
+    .filter((p): p is PartUnion => p != null)
+    .map((p) => (typeof p === 'string' ? { text: p } : p));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Handles thought parts for API compatibility (e.g. CountToken API).
+ * The CountToken API expects parts to have certain required "oneof" fields initialized,
+ * but thought parts don't always conform to this schema and can cause API failures.
+ * This function merges thoughts into text parts.
+ */
+export function toPartWithThoughtAsText(part: PartUnion): Part {
+  if (typeof part === 'string') {
+    return { text: part };
+  }
+
+  const maybeThoughtPart: unknown = part;
+  if (isThoughtPart(maybeThoughtPart)) {
+    const thoughtText = `[Thought: ${maybeThoughtPart.thought}]`;
+    const newPart: Record<string, unknown> = { ...part };
+    delete newPart['thought'];
+
+    const hasApiContent =
+      'functionCall' in newPart ||
+      'functionResponse' in newPart ||
+      'inlineData' in newPart ||
+      'fileData' in newPart;
+
+    if (hasApiContent) {
+      // It's a functionCall or other non-text part. Just strip the thought.
+      return newPart as Part;
+    }
+
+    // If no other valid API content, this must be a text part.
+    // Combine existing text (if any) with the thought, preserving other properties.
+    const text = newPart['text'] ?? '';
+    const existingText = typeof text === 'string' ? text : String(text);
+    const combinedText = existingText
+      ? `${existingText}\n${thoughtText}`
+      : thoughtText;
+
+    return {
+      ...newPart,
+      text: combinedText,
+    } as Part;
+  }
+
+  return part;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Type guard to check if a value is a function call Part object.
+ */
+export function isFunctionCallPart(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is { functionCall: FunctionCall } {
+  if (
+    typeof value !== 'object' ||
+    value === null ||
+    !('functionCall' in value)
+  ) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  const functionCall = (value as Record<string, unknown>)['functionCall'];
+  return (
+    typeof functionCall === 'object' &&
+    functionCall !== null &&
+    'name' in functionCall &&
+    typeof (functionCall as Record<string, unknown>)['name'] === 'string'
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Type guard to check if a value is a function response Part object.
+ */
+export function isFunctionResponsePart(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is { functionResponse: FunctionResponse } {
+  if (
+    typeof value !== 'object' ||
+    value === null ||
+    !('functionResponse' in value)
+  ) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  const functionResponse = (value as Record<string, unknown>)[
+    'functionResponse'
+  ];
+  return (
+    typeof functionResponse === 'object' &&
+    functionResponse !== null &&
+    'name' in functionResponse &&
+    typeof (functionResponse as Record<string, unknown>)['name'] === 'string'
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Type guard to check if a value is an inline data Part object.
+ */
+export function isInlineDataPart(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is { inlineData: InlineData } {
+  if (typeof value !== 'object' || value === null || !('inlineData' in value)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  const inlineData = (value as Record<string, unknown>)['inlineData'];
+  return (
+    typeof inlineData === 'object' &&
+    inlineData !== null &&
+    'mimeType' in inlineData &&
+    typeof (inlineData as Record<string, unknown>)['mimeType'] === 'string'
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Type guard to check if a value is a file data Part object.
+ */
+export function isFileDataPart(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is { fileData: FileData } {
+  if (typeof value !== 'object' || value === null || !('fileData' in value)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  const fileData = (value as Record<string, unknown>)['fileData'];
+  return (
+    typeof fileData === 'object' &&
+    fileData !== null &&
+    'mimeType' in fileData &&
+    typeof (fileData as Record<string, unknown>)['mimeType'] === 'string'
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * A Gemini Part object that contains a 'thought' string.
+ * This extends the base Part interface but overrides the 'thought' property type
+ * from boolean to string to support thinking models.
+ */
+export type ThoughtPart = Omit<Part, 'thought'> & { thought: string };
+
+/**
+ * Type guard to check if a value is a thought Part object.
+ */
+export function isThoughtPart(value: unknown): value is ThoughtPart {
+  return (
+    typeof value === 'object' &&
+    value !== null &&
+    'thought' in value &&
+    typeof (value as Record<string, unknown>)['thought'] === 'string'
+  );
+}
+
 /**
  * Converts a PartListUnion into a string.
  * If verbose is true, includes summary representations of non-text parts.
@@ -29,63 +224,57 @@ export function partToString(
     return value.map((part) => partToString(part, options)).join('');
   }
 
-  // Cast to Part, assuming it might contain project-specific fields
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion
-  const part = value as Part & {
-    videoMetadata?: unknown;
-    thought?: string;
-    codeExecutionResult?: unknown;
-    executableCode?: unknown;
-  };
-
   if (options?.verbose) {
-    if (part.videoMetadata !== undefined) {
+    if ('videoMetadata' in value && value.videoMetadata !== undefined) {
       return `[Video Metadata]`;
     }
-    if (part.thought !== undefined) {
+
-      return `[Thought: ${part.thought}]`;
+    const maybeThoughtPart: unknown = value;
+    if (isThoughtPart(maybeThoughtPart)) {
+      return `[Thought: ${maybeThoughtPart.thought}]`;
     }
-    if (part.codeExecutionResult !== undefined) {
+
+    if (
+      'codeExecutionResult' in value &&
+      value.codeExecutionResult !== undefined
+    ) {
       return `[Code Execution Result]`;
     }
-    if (part.executableCode !== undefined) {
+    if ('executableCode' in value && value.executableCode !== undefined) {
       return `[Executable Code]`;
     }
 
     // Standard Part fields
-    if (part.fileData !== undefined) {
+    if (isFileDataPart(value)) {
       return `[File Data]`;
     }
-    if (part.functionCall !== undefined) {
+    if (isFunctionCallPart(value)) {
-      return `[Function Call: ${part.functionCall.name}]`;
+      return `[Function Call: ${value.functionCall.name}]`;
     }
-    if (part.functionResponse !== undefined) {
+    if (isFunctionResponsePart(value)) {
-      return `[Function Response: ${part.functionResponse.name}]`;
+      return `[Function Response: ${value.functionResponse.name}]`;
     }
-    if (part.inlineData !== undefined) {
+    if (isInlineDataPart(value)) {
-      return `<${part.inlineData.mimeType}>`;
+      return `<${value.inlineData.mimeType}>`;
     }
   }
 
-  return part.text ?? '';
+  return isTextPart(value) ? value.text : '';
 }
 
 export function getResponseText(
   response: GenerateContentResponse,
 ): string | null {
-  if (response.candidates && response.candidates.length > 0) {
+  const candidate = response.candidates?.[0];
-    const candidate = response.candidates[0];
 
-    if (
+  if (candidate?.content?.parts && candidate.content.parts.length > 0) {
-      candidate.content &&
+    return candidate.content.parts
-      candidate.content.parts &&
+      .filter(
-      candidate.content.parts.length > 0
+        (part): part is { text: string } =>
-    ) {
+          isTextPart(part) && !isThoughtPart(part),
-      return candidate.content.parts
+      )
-        .filter((part) => part.text && !part.thought)
+      .map((part) => part.text)
-        .map((part) => part.text)
+      .join('');
-        .join('');
-    }
   }
   return null;
 }
@@ -105,11 +294,7 @@ export async function flatMapTextParts(
   transform: (text: string) => Promise<PartUnion[]>,
 ): Promise<PartUnion[]> {
   const result: PartUnion[] = [];
-  const partArray = Array.isArray(parts)
+  const partArray = toParts(parts);
-    ? parts
-    : typeof parts === 'string'
-      ? [{ text: parts }]
-      : [parts];
 
   for (const part of partArray) {
     let textToProcess: string | undefined;

packages/core/src/utils/textUtils.test.ts

@@ -9,8 +9,81 @@ import {
   safeLiteralReplace,
   truncateString,
   safeTemplateReplace,
+  truncateLine,
+  truncateLongLines,
 } from './textUtils.js';
 
+describe('truncateLine', () => {
+  it('should not truncate when within maxLength', () => {
+    expect(truncateLine('hello', { maxLength: 10 })).toBe('hello');
+  });
+
+  it('should truncate and add ellipsis when exceeding maxLength', () => {
+    expect(truncateLine('hello world', { maxLength: 5 })).toBe('hello ...');
+  });
+
+  it('should include stats when requested', () => {
+    const result = truncateLine('hello world', {
+      maxLength: 5,
+      includeStats: true,
+    });
+    expect(result).toBe('hello [Truncated to 5 characters (total length: 11)]');
+  });
+
+  it('should center truncation around centerIndex', () => {
+    const text = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'; // 26 chars
+    const result = truncateLine(text, { maxLength: 10, centerIndex: 13 });
+    // Center is 13. Half length is 5.
+    // Start = 13 - 5 = 8.
+    // End = 8 + 10 = 18.
+    // substring(8, 18) = 'ijklmnopqr'
+    expect(result).toBe('... ijklmnopqr ...');
+  });
+
+  it('should handle centerIndex near start', () => {
+    const text = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz';
+    const result = truncateLine(text, { maxLength: 10, centerIndex: 2 });
+    // Center is 2. Half length 5. Start = max(0, 2-5) = 0. End = 10.
+    expect(result).toBe('abcdefghij ...');
+  });
+
+  it('should handle centerIndex near end', () => {
+    const text = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz';
+    const result = truncateLine(text, { maxLength: 10, centerIndex: 24 });
+    // Center is 24. Half length 5. Start = 24 - 5 = 19. End = 19 + 10 = 29.
+    // End > 26, so End = 26. Start = max(0, 26 - 10) = 16.
+    expect(result).toBe('... qrstuvwxyz');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('truncateLongLines', () => {
+  it('should truncate only long lines', () => {
+    const text = 'short\nthis is a very long line indeed\nanother short';
+    const result = truncateLongLines(text, 15, false);
+    expect(result).toBe('short\nthis is a very  ...\nanother short');
+  });
+
+  it('should preserve LF line endings', () => {
+    const text = 'line 1 is long\nline 2';
+    const result = truncateLongLines(text, 10, false);
+    expect(result).toBe('line 1 is  ...\nline 2');
+    expect(result).not.toContain('\r');
+  });
+
+  it('should preserve CRLF line endings', () => {
+    const text = 'line 1 is long\r\nline 2';
+    const result = truncateLongLines(text, 10, false);
+    expect(result).toBe('line 1 is  ...\r\nline 2');
+    expect(result).toContain('\r\n');
+  });
+
+  it('should handle empty or null input', () => {
+    expect(truncateLongLines('', 10)).toBe('');
+    // @ts-expect-error testing null
+    expect(truncateLongLines(null, 10)).toBe(null);
+  });
+});
+
 describe('safeLiteralReplace', () => {
   it('returns original string when oldString empty or not found', () => {
     expect(safeLiteralReplace('abc', '', 'X')).toBe('abc');

packages/core/src/utils/textUtils.ts

@@ -155,7 +155,9 @@ export function truncateLongLines(
   includeStats = true,
 ): string {
   if (!text) return text;
-  const lines = text.split('\n');
+
+  const lineEnding = detectLineEnding(text);
+  const lines = text.split(/\r?\n/);
   let modified = false;
 
   const processed = lines.map((line) => {
@@ -166,7 +168,7 @@ export function truncateLongLines(
     return line;
   });
 
-  return modified ? processed.join('\n') : text;
+  return modified ? processed.join(lineEnding) : text;
 }
 
 /**

packages/core/src/utils/tokenCalculation.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 import type { PartListUnion, Part } from '@google/genai';
 import type { ContentGenerator } from '../core/contentGenerator.js';
 import { debugLogger } from './debugLogger.js';
+import { toParts } from './partUtils.js';
 
 // Token estimation constants
 // ASCII characters (0-127) are roughly 4 chars per token
@@ -140,11 +141,7 @@ export async function calculateRequestTokenCount(
   contentGenerator: ContentGenerator,
   model: string,
 ): Promise<number> {
-  const parts: Part[] = Array.isArray(request)
+  const parts = toParts(request);
-    ? request.map((p) => (typeof p === 'string' ? { text: p } : p))
-    : typeof request === 'string'
-      ? [{ text: request }]
-      : [request];
 
   // Use countTokens API only for heavy media parts that are hard to estimate.
   const hasMedia = parts.some((p) => {