feat(evals): add eval coverage report command (#28169)

Co-authored-by: David Pierce <davidapierce@google.com>

.github/actions/publish-release/action.yml

@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@ runs:
       shell: 'bash'
       run: |
         npm publish \
+          --ignore-scripts \
           --dry-run="${INPUTS_DRY_RUN}" \
           --workspace="${INPUTS_CORE_PACKAGE_NAME}" \
           --tag staging-tmp
@@ -196,6 +197,29 @@ runs:
       run: |
         node ${{ github.workspace }}/scripts/prepare-npm-release.js
 
+    - name: '📦 Pack CLI for verification'
+      if: "inputs.dry-run != 'true' && inputs.force-skip-tests != 'true'"
+      working-directory: '${{ inputs.working-directory }}'
+      shell: 'bash'
+      run: |
+        npm pack --workspace="${INPUTS_CLI_PACKAGE_NAME}"
+        # We restore the package.json so that `npm ci` in verify-release doesn't fail due to deleted dependencies
+        git checkout packages/cli/package.json
+      env:
+        INPUTS_CLI_PACKAGE_NAME: '${{ inputs.cli-package-name }}'
+
+    - name: '🔬 Verify NPM release by version'
+      uses: './.github/actions/verify-release'
+      if: "${{ inputs.dry-run != 'true' && inputs.force-skip-tests != 'true' }}"
+      with:
+        npm-package: './google-gemini-cli-${{ inputs.release-version }}.tgz'
+        expected-version: '${{ inputs.release-version }}'
+        working-directory: '${{ inputs.working-directory }}'
+        gemini_api_key: '${{ inputs.gemini_api_key }}'
+        github-token: '${{ inputs.github-token }}'
+        npm-registry-url: '${{ inputs.npm-registry-url }}'
+        npm-registry-scope: '${{ inputs.npm-registry-scope }}'
+
     - name: 'Get CLI Token'
       uses: './.github/actions/npm-auth-token'
       id: 'cli-token'
@@ -212,11 +236,19 @@ runs:
         NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: '${{ steps.cli-token.outputs.auth-token }}'
         INPUTS_DRY_RUN: '${{ inputs.dry-run }}'
         INPUTS_CLI_PACKAGE_NAME: '${{ inputs.cli-package-name }}'
+        INPUTS_RELEASE_VERSION: '${{ inputs.release-version }}'
       shell: 'bash'
       run: |
+        if [ -f "google-gemini-cli-${INPUTS_RELEASE_VERSION}.tgz" ]; then
+          PUBLISH_TARGET="google-gemini-cli-${INPUTS_RELEASE_VERSION}.tgz"
+        else
+          PUBLISH_TARGET="--workspace=${INPUTS_CLI_PACKAGE_NAME}"
+        fi
+
         npm publish \
+          --ignore-scripts \
           --dry-run="${INPUTS_DRY_RUN}" \
-          --workspace="${INPUTS_CLI_PACKAGE_NAME}" \
+          ${PUBLISH_TARGET} \
           --tag staging-tmp
         if [[ "${INPUTS_DRY_RUN}" == "false" ]]; then
           npm dist-tag rm ${INPUTS_CLI_PACKAGE_NAME} staging-tmp
@@ -242,6 +274,7 @@ runs:
       # Tag staging for initial release
       run: |
         npm publish \
+          --ignore-scripts \
           --dry-run="${INPUTS_DRY_RUN}" \
           --workspace="${INPUTS_A2A_PACKAGE_NAME}" \
           --tag staging-tmp
@@ -249,18 +282,6 @@ runs:
             npm dist-tag rm ${INPUTS_A2A_PACKAGE_NAME} staging-tmp
           fi
 
-    - name: '🔬 Verify NPM release by version'
-      uses: './.github/actions/verify-release'
-      if: "${{ inputs.dry-run != 'true' && inputs.force-skip-tests != 'true' }}"
-      with:
-        npm-package: '${{ inputs.cli-package-name }}@${{ inputs.release-version }}'
-        expected-version: '${{ inputs.release-version }}'
-        working-directory: '${{ inputs.working-directory }}'
-        gemini_api_key: '${{ inputs.gemini_api_key }}'
-        github-token: '${{ inputs.github-token }}'
-        npm-registry-url: '${{ inputs.npm-registry-url }}'
-        npm-registry-scope: '${{ inputs.npm-registry-scope }}'
-
     - name: '🏷️ Tag release'
       uses: './.github/actions/tag-npm-release'
       with:

.github/actions/verify-release/action.yml

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ runs:
       shell: 'bash'
       working-directory: '${{ inputs.working-directory }}'
       run: |-
-        gemini_version=$(npx --prefer-online "${INPUTS_NPM_PACKAGE}" --version)
+        gemini_version=$(npx --yes --prefer-online "${INPUTS_NPM_PACKAGE}" --version)
         if [ "$gemini_version" != "${INPUTS_EXPECTED_VERSION}" ]; then
           echo "❌ NPX Run Version mismatch: Got $gemini_version from ${INPUTS_NPM_PACKAGE}, expected ${INPUTS_EXPECTED_VERSION}"
           exit 1
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ runs:
     - name: 'Install dependencies for integration tests'
       shell: 'bash'
       working-directory: '${{ inputs.working-directory }}'
-      run: 'npm ci'
+      run: 'npm ci --ignore-scripts'
 
     - name: '🔬 Run integration tests against NPM release'
       working-directory: '${{ inputs.working-directory }}'
@@ -98,4 +98,6 @@ runs:
         # See https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/issues/10517
         CI: 'false'
       shell: 'bash'
-      run: 'npm run test:integration:sandbox:none'
+      run: |
+        export INTEGRATION_TEST_GEMINI_BINARY_PATH=$(which gemini)
+        npm run test:integration:sandbox:none

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ updates:
     reviewers:
       - 'joshualitt'
     cooldown:
-      default-days: 7
+      semver-major-days: 14
+      semver-minor-days: 14
+      semver-patch-days: 14
     groups:
       npm-dependencies:
         patterns:
@@ -26,6 +28,10 @@ updates:
     open-pull-requests-limit: 10
     reviewers:
       - 'joshualitt'
+    cooldown:
+      semver-major-days: 14
+      semver-minor-days: 14
+      semver-patch-days: 14
     groups:
       actions-dependencies:
         patterns:

.github/workflows/release-nightly.yml

@@ -145,12 +145,12 @@ jobs:
           skip-branch-cleanup: true
           force-skip-tests: "${{ github.event_name != 'schedule' && github.event.inputs.force_skip_tests == 'true' }}"
           gemini_api_key: '${{ secrets.GEMINI_API_KEY }}'
-          npm-registry-publish-url: '${{ vars.NPM_REGISTRY_PUBLISH_URL }}'
-          npm-registry-url: '${{ vars.NPM_REGISTRY_URL }}'
-          npm-registry-scope: '${{ vars.NPM_REGISTRY_SCOPE }}'
-          cli-package-name: '${{ vars.CLI_PACKAGE_NAME }}'
-          core-package-name: '${{ vars.CORE_PACKAGE_NAME }}'
-          a2a-package-name: '${{ vars.A2A_PACKAGE_NAME }}'
+          npm-registry-publish-url: "${{ vars.NPM_REGISTRY_PUBLISH_URL || 'https://wombat-dressing-room.appspot.com' }}"
+          npm-registry-url: "${{ vars.NPM_REGISTRY_URL || 'https://wombat-dressing-room.appspot.com' }}"
+          npm-registry-scope: "${{ vars.NPM_REGISTRY_SCOPE || '@google' }}"
+          cli-package-name: "${{ vars.CLI_PACKAGE_NAME || '@google/gemini-cli' }}"
+          core-package-name: "${{ vars.CORE_PACKAGE_NAME || '@google/gemini-cli-core' }}"
+          a2a-package-name: "${{ vars.A2A_PACKAGE_NAME || '@google/gemini-cli-a2a-server' }}"
 
       - name: 'Create and Merge Pull Request'
         if: "github.event.inputs.environment != 'dev'"

.github/workflows/release-promote.yml

@@ -106,7 +106,9 @@ jobs:
           echo "NIGHTLY_JSON: ${NIGHTLY_JSON}"
           echo "STABLE_VERSION=${STABLE_VERSION}" >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT}"
           # shellcheck disable=SC1083
-          echo "STABLE_SHA=$(git rev-parse "$(echo "${PREVIEW_JSON}" | jq -r .previousReleaseTag)"^{commit})" >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT}"
+          PREVIOUS_PREVIEW_TAG=$(echo "${PREVIEW_JSON}" | jq -r .previousReleaseTag)
+          STABLE_SHA=$(git rev-parse "${PREVIOUS_PREVIEW_TAG}^{commit}")
+          echo "STABLE_SHA=${STABLE_SHA}" >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT}"
           echo "PREVIOUS_STABLE_TAG=$(echo "${STABLE_JSON}" | jq -r .previousReleaseTag)" >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT}"
           echo "PREVIEW_VERSION=$(echo "${PREVIEW_JSON}" | jq -r .releaseVersion)" >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT}"
           # shellcheck disable=SC1083

.github/workflows/release-rollback.yml

@@ -82,7 +82,8 @@ jobs:
           ORIGIN_TAG: '${{ steps.origin_tag.outputs.ORIGIN_TAG }}'
         shell: 'bash'
         run: |
-          echo "ORIGIN_HASH=$(git rev-parse "${ORIGIN_TAG}")" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          ORIGIN_HASH=$(git rev-parse "${ORIGIN_TAG}")
+          echo "ORIGIN_HASH=${ORIGIN_HASH}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: 'Change tag'
         if: "${{ github.event.inputs.rollback_destination != '' }}"

.github/workflows/tools-python-ci.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+name: 'Testing: Tools (Python)'
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - 'main'
+      - 'release/**'
+    paths:
+      - 'tools/**'
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - 'main'
+      - 'release/**'
+    paths:
+      - 'tools/**'
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: 'bash'
+
+jobs:
+  python-tests:
+    name: 'Python Tests'
+    runs-on: 'ubuntu-latest'
+    steps:
+      - name: 'Checkout'
+        uses: 'actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683' # ratchet:actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: 'Set up Python'
+        uses: 'actions/setup-python@8d9ed9ac5c53483de85588cdf95a591a75ab9f55' # ratchet:actions/setup-python@v5
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.13'
+          cache: 'pip'
+          cache-dependency-path: 'tools/caretaker-agent/cloudrun/triage-worker/requirements.txt'
+
+      - name: 'Install dependencies'
+        run: |
+          python -m pip install --upgrade pip
+          if [ -f tools/caretaker-agent/cloudrun/triage-worker/requirements.txt ]; then
+            python -m pip install -r tools/caretaker-agent/cloudrun/triage-worker/requirements.txt
+          fi
+
+      - name: 'Run unittest suite'
+        run: |
+          PYTHONPATH=tools/caretaker-agent/cloudrun/triage-worker python -m unittest discover -s tools/caretaker-agent/cloudrun/triage-worker/tests -t tools/caretaker-agent/cloudrun/triage-worker

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -421,9 +421,9 @@ To debug the CLI's React-based UI, you can use React DevTools.
 
 On macOS, `gemini` uses Seatbelt (`sandbox-exec`) under a `permissive-open`
 profile (see `packages/cli/src/utils/sandbox-macos-permissive-open.sb`) that
-restricts writes to the project folder but otherwise allows all other operations
-and outbound network traffic ("open") by default. You can switch to a
-`strict-open` profile (see
+denies operations by default, confining writes to the project folder while
+allowing broad file reads and outbound network traffic ("open") by default. You
+can switch to a `strict-open` profile (see
 `packages/cli/src/utils/sandbox-macos-strict-open.sb`) that restricts both reads
 and writes to the working directory while allowing outbound network traffic by
 setting `SEATBELT_PROFILE=strict-open` in your environment or `.env` file.

docs/changelogs/index.md

@@ -18,6 +18,19 @@ on GitHub.
 | [Preview](preview.md) | Experimental features ready for early feedback. |
 | [Stable](latest.md)   | Stable, recommended for general use.            |
 
+## Announcements: v0.50.0 - 2026-07-08
+
+- **Tool Registry Discovery:** Introduced tool registry discovery capabilities
+  to automatically detect and register available tools
+  ([#28113](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28113) by @ved015).
+- **Release Verification & CI Stability:** Enhanced release verification by
+  ignoring scripts during verification, preventing workspace binary shadowing,
+  and safeguarding against bad NPM releases
+  ([#28116](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28116) by
+  @rmedranollamas,
+  [#28132](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28132) by
+  @galdawave).
+
 ## Announcements: v0.45.0 - 2026-06-03
 
 - **Context Simplification:** Completed major architectural work to simplify the
@@ -507,6 +520,7 @@ on GitHub.
   headlessly in notebook cells or interactively in the built-in terminal
   ([pic](https://imgur.com/a/G0Tn7vi))
 - 🎉**Gemini CLI Extensions:**
+
   - **Conductor:** Planning++, Gemini works with you to build out a detailed
     plan, pull in extra details as needed, ultimately to give the LLM guardrails
     with artifacts. Measure twice, implement once!
@@ -635,6 +649,7 @@ on GitHub.
   - **Announcement:**
     [https://developers.googleblog.com/en/making-the-terminal-beautiful-one-pixel-at-a-time/](https://developers.googleblog.com/en/making-the-terminal-beautiful-one-pixel-at-a-time/)
 - **🎉 New partner extensions:**
+
   - **Arize:** Seamlessly instrument AI applications with Arize AX and grant
     direct access to Arize support:
 
@@ -674,6 +689,7 @@ on GitHub.
 ![Codebase investigator subagent in Gemini CLI.](https://i.imgur.com/4J1njsx.png)
 
 - **🎉 New partner extensions:**
+
   - **🤗 Hugging Face extension:** Access the Hugging Face hub.
     ([gif](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LEzIuSH6_igFXq96_tWev11svBNyPJEB/view?usp=sharing&resourcekey=0-LtPTzR1woh-rxGtfPzjjfg))
 

docs/changelogs/latest.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# Latest stable release: v0.45.0
+# Latest stable release: v0.50.0
 
-Released: June 03, 2026
+Released: July 08, 2026
 
 For most users, our latest stable release is the recommended release. Install
 the latest stable version with:
@@ -11,55 +11,24 @@ npm install -g @google/gemini-cli
 
 ## Highlights
 
-- **Context Manager Simplification:** Completed a significant refactoring of the
-  context management system to improve reliability and architectural clarity.
-- **A2A Usage Metadata:** Enhanced the Agent-to-Agent protocol to expose usage
-  metadata, enabling more transparent resource monitoring.
-- **Terminal & PTY Robustness:** Resolved several critical issues related to
-  terminal interactions, including Termux relaunch loops and PTY resize errors.
-- **Routing Optimizations:** Updated default auto-routing and bypassed
-  classifiers for specific tool responses to prevent orphaned function errors.
-- **Tool Execution Control:** Forced the `update_topic` tool to execute
-  sequentially, ensuring consistent narrative flow in agent interactions.
+- **Tool Registry Discovery:** Introduced tool registry discovery capabilities,
+  enabling automatic detection and registration of tools to improve
+  extensibility.
+- **Release Verification Improvements:** Enhanced release verification by
+  ignoring scripts during `npm ci` and preventing workspace binary shadowing.
+- **CI Pipeline Safeguards:** Strengthened the CI pipeline to prevent bad NPM
+  releases and ensure promote job failures are correctly surfaced.
 
 ## What's Changed
 
-- chore(release): bump version to 0.45.0-nightly.20260521.g854f811be by
-  @gemini-cli-robot in
-  [#27362](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27362)
-- fix(cli): prevent Termux relaunch and resize remount loops by @saymanq in
-  [#27110](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27110)
-- Feat/a2a expose usage metadata by @jvargassanchez-dot in
-  [#27288](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27288)
-- feat(context): Complete simplification work. by @joshualitt in
-  [#27345](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27345)
-- fix(core): force update_topic tool to execute sequentially by
-  @jvargassanchez-dot in
-  [#27357](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27357)
-- Changelog for v0.44.0-preview.0 by @gemini-cli-robot in
-  [#27360](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27360)
-- Changelog for v0.43.0 by @gemini-cli-robot in
-  [#27361](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27361)
-- Revert "fix(core): prevent SIGHUP kills in PTY environments" by @bbiggs in
-  [#27401](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27401)
-- fix(cli): filter internal session context from history during resumption by
-  @rmedranollamas in
-  [#27391](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27391)
-- Update default auto routing by @DavidAPierce in
-  [#27071](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27071)
-- fix(core): bypass routing classifiers to prevent orphaned function response
-  errors by @danielweis in
-  [#27389](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27389)
-- fix(core): suppress PTY resize EBADF errors by @scidomino in
-  [#27461](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27461)
-- fix(core): prevent blacklist bypass in mcp list by @ompatel-aiml in
-  [#27377](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27377)
-- fix(cli): ignore unmapped vim normal keys by @MukundaKatta in
-  [#27102](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27102)
-- fix(patch): cherry-pick bd53951 to release/v0.45.0-preview.0-pr-27496 to patch
-  version v0.45.0-preview.0 and create version 0.45.0-preview.1 by
-  @gemini-cli-robot in
-  [#27535](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27535)
+- fix/verify release npm ci ignore scripts by @rmedranollamas in
+  [#28116](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28116)
+- fix(ci): prevent workspace binary shadowing in release verification by
+  @galdawave in [#28132](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28132)
+- Feat/tool registry discovery by @ved015 in
+  [#28113](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28113)
+- fix(ci): prevent bad NPM releases and promote job crashes by @galdawave in
+  [#28147](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28147)
 
 **Full Changelog**:
-https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/compare/v0.44.1...v0.45.0
+https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/compare/v0.49.0...v0.50.0

docs/changelogs/preview.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# Preview release: v0.46.0-preview.0
+# Preview release: v0.51.0-preview.0
 
-Released: June 3, 2026
+Released: July 8, 2026
 
 Our preview release includes the latest, new, and experimental features. This
 release may not be as stable as our [latest weekly release](latest.md).
@@ -13,34 +13,53 @@ npm install -g @google/gemini-cli@preview
 
 ## Highlights
 
-- **Model Update:** Added support for transitioning to the Flash GA model when
-  the experimental flag is enabled, providing access to the latest model
-  improvements.
-- **Improved Stability:** Hardened PTY resize logic to prevent native crashes,
-  ensuring a more robust terminal experience.
-- **Bug Fix:** Resolved an issue where an invalid `preferredEditor`
-  configuration could lead to a notification spam loop.
-- **CI Enhancements:** Optimized Pull Request labeling and introduced batch
-  workflows to improve development efficiency.
+- **Caretaker Cloud Run Services**: Implemented a Cloud Run webhook ingestion
+  service and egress service skeleton to support advanced caretaker features.
+- **Enhanced Security & Sandbox Hardening**: Enforced a case-insensitive
+  sensitive path blocklist and VS Code human-in-the-loop (HITL) checks, resolved
+  a directory escape vulnerability in the memory import processor, and marked
+  `~/.gitconfig` as read-only within the macOS sandbox.
+- **Improved Thought Leakage and Escape Handling**: Resolved potential thought
+  leakage by stripping thinking/thought processes from scrubbed history turns,
+  and ensured escape sequences in string literals are correctly preserved for
+  modern models.
+- **Robust Path & API Updates**: Enhanced defensive path resolution for
+  at-reference files, and updated the Vertex AI base URL configuration to
+  support the latest API updates.
 
 ## What's Changed
 
-- fix(core): harden PTY resize against native crashes by @scidomino in
-  [#27496](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27496)
-- Changelog for v0.45.0-preview.0 by @gemini-cli-robot in
-  [#27495](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27495)
-- Changelog for v0.44.0 by @gemini-cli-robot in
-  [#27569](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27569)
-- fix(cli): prevent spam loop when preferredEditor is invalid by @Niralisj in
-  [#25324](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/25324)
-- Adding quote by @scidomino in
-  [#27571](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27571)
-- Transition to flash GA model when experiment flag is present. by @DavidAPierce
-  in [#27570](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27570)
-- chore(ci): add optimized PR size labeler and batch workflows by @sripasg in
-  [#27616](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27616)
-- fix(ci): use pull_request_target trigger to grant write access on fork PRs by
-  @sripasg in [#27637](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27637)
+- Changelog for v0.50.0-preview.1 by @gemini-cli-robot in
+  [#28150](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28150)
+- Fix no_proxy test by @jerrylin3321 in
+  [#28131](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28131)
+- chore(release): bump version to 0.51.0-nightly.20260625.g3fbf93e26 by
+  @gemini-cli-robot in
+  [#28151](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28151)
+- Vertex base url update by @DavidAPierce in
+  [#28145](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28145)
+- fix(security): enforce case-insensitive sensitive path blocklist and vscode
+  hitl by @luisfelipe-alt in
+  [#27966](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27966)
+- fix(core-tools): resolve defensive path resolution for at-reference files and
+  fix macOS tests by @luisfelipe-alt in
+  [#28053](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28053)
+- feat(caretaker): implement Cloud Run webhook ingestion service by @chadd28 in
+  [#28015](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28015)
+- fix(core): resolve symbolic link directory escape in memory import processor
+  by @luisfelipe-alt in
+  [#28233](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28233)
+- feat(caretaker): egress cloud run service skeleton by @chadd28 in
+  [#28167](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28167)
+- fix(sandbox): make ~/.gitconfig read-only in the macOS sandbox by
+  @ompatel-aiml in
+  [#28221](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28221)
+- fix(core): preserve escape sequences in string literals for modern models by
+  @luisfelipe-alt in
+  [#28299](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/28299)
+- fix(core): strip thoughts from scrubbed history turns and resolve thought
+  leakage by @amelidev in
+  [#27971](https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/pull/27971)
 
 **Full Changelog**:
-https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/compare/v0.45.0-preview.1...v0.46.0-preview.0
+https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/compare/v0.50.0-preview.1...v0.51.0-preview.0

docs/cli/gemini-md.md

@@ -16,10 +16,12 @@ sends them to the model with every prompt. The CLI loads files in the following
 order:
 
 1.  **Global context file:**
+
     - **Location:** `~/.gemini/GEMINI.md` (in your user home directory).
     - **Scope:** Provides default instructions for all your projects.
 
 2.  **Environment and workspace context files:**
+
     - **Location:** The CLI searches for `GEMINI.md` files in your configured
       workspace directories and their parent directories.
     - **Scope:** Provides context relevant to the projects you are currently

docs/cli/plan-mode.md

@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ Gemini CLI takes action.
     reach an informal agreement on the approach before proceeding.
 3.  **Review the plan:** Once you've agreed on the strategy, Gemini CLI creates
     a detailed implementation plan as a Markdown file in your plans directory.
+
     - **View:** You can open and read this file to understand the proposed
       changes.
     - **Edit:** Press `Ctrl+X` to open the plan directly in your configured

docs/cli/sandbox.md

@@ -87,8 +87,9 @@ preferred container solution.
 
 Lightweight, built-in sandboxing using `sandbox-exec`.
 
-**Default profile**: `permissive-open` - restricts writes outside project
-directory but allows most other operations.
+**Default profile**: `permissive-open` - denies operations by default; confines
+writes to the project directory while allowing broad file reads and network
+access.
 
 Built-in profiles (set via `SEATBELT_PROFILE` env var):
 

docs/cli/session-management.md

@@ -202,6 +202,7 @@ becoming too large and expensive.
   exchanges) allowed in a single session. Set to `-1` for unlimited (default).
 
   **Behavior when limit is reached:**
+
   - **Interactive mode:** The CLI shows an informational message and stops
     sending requests to the model. You must manually start a new session.
   - **Non-interactive mode:** The CLI exits with an error.

docs/cli/system-prompt.md

@@ -27,11 +27,13 @@ via a `.gemini/.env` file. See
 [Persisting Environment Variables](../get-started/authentication.mdx#persisting-environment-variables).
 
 - Use the project default path (`.gemini/system.md`):
+
   - `GEMINI_SYSTEM_MD=true` or `GEMINI_SYSTEM_MD=1`
   - The CLI reads `./.gemini/system.md` (relative to your current project
     directory).
 
 - Use a custom file path:
+
   - `GEMINI_SYSTEM_MD=/absolute/path/to/my-system.md`
   - Relative paths are supported and resolved from the current working
     directory.

docs/cli/telemetry.md

@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ and Cloud Logging.
 You must complete several setup steps before enabling Google Cloud telemetry.
 
 1.  Set your Google Cloud project ID:
+
     - To send telemetry to a separate project:
 
       **macOS/Linux**
@@ -93,8 +94,10 @@ You must complete several setup steps before enabling Google Cloud telemetry.
       ```
 
 2.  Authenticate with Google Cloud using one of these methods:
+
     - **Method A: Application Default Credentials (ADC)**: Use this method for
       service accounts or standard `gcloud` authentication.
+
       - For user accounts:
         ```bash
         gcloud auth application-default login
@@ -112,6 +115,7 @@ You must complete several setup steps before enabling Google Cloud telemetry.
         ```powershell
         $env:GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS="C:\path\to\your\service-account.json"
         ```
+
     * **Method B: CLI Auth** (Direct export only): Simplest method for local
       users. Gemini CLI uses the same OAuth credentials you used for login. To
       enable this, set `useCliAuth: true` in your `.gemini/settings.json`:
@@ -133,6 +137,7 @@ You must complete several setup steps before enabling Google Cloud telemetry.
 > telemetry will be disabled.
 
 3.  Ensure your account or service account has these IAM roles:
+
     - Cloud Trace Agent
     - Monitoring Metric Writer
     - Logs Writer

docs/ide-integration/ide-companion-spec.md

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ creating a "discovery file."
     }
   }
   ```
+
   - `port` (number, required): The port of the MCP server.
   - `workspacePath` (string, required): A list of all open workspace root paths,
     delimited by the OS-specific path separator (`:` for Linux/macOS, `;` for
@@ -187,6 +188,7 @@ The plugin **MUST** register an `openDiff` tool on its MCP server.
 - **Response (`CallToolResult`):** The tool **MUST** immediately return a
   `CallToolResult` to acknowledge the request and report whether the diff view
   was successfully opened.
+
   - On Success: If the diff view was opened successfully, the response **MUST**
     contain empty content (that is, `content: []`).
   - On Failure: If an error prevented the diff view from opening, the response

docs/ide-integration/index.md

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ AI-generated code changes directly within your editor.
 
 - **Workspace context:** The CLI automatically gains awareness of your workspace
   to provide more relevant and accurate responses. This context includes:
+
   - The **10 most recently accessed files** in your workspace.
   - Your active cursor position.
   - Any text you have selected (up to a 16KB limit; longer selections will be
@@ -228,6 +229,7 @@ If you are using Gemini CLI within a sandbox, be aware of the following:
 
 - **Message:**
   `🔴 Disconnected: Failed to connect to IDE companion extension in [IDE Name]. Please ensure the extension is running. To install the extension, run /ide install.`
+
   - **Cause:** Gemini CLI could not find the necessary environment variables
     (`GEMINI_CLI_IDE_WORKSPACE_PATH` or `GEMINI_CLI_IDE_SERVER_PORT`) to connect
     to the IDE. This usually means the IDE companion extension is not running or
@@ -270,6 +272,7 @@ to connect using the provided PID.
 
 - **Message:**
   `🔴 Disconnected: Directory mismatch. Gemini CLI is running in a different location than the open workspace in [IDE Name]. Please run the CLI from one of the following directories: [List of directories]`
+
   - **Cause:** The CLI's current working directory is outside the workspace you
     have open in your IDE.
   - **Solution:** `cd` into the same directory that is open in your IDE and
@@ -284,6 +287,7 @@ to connect using the provided PID.
 
 - **Message:**
   `IDE integration is not supported in your current environment. To use this feature, run Gemini CLI in one of these supported IDEs: [List of IDEs]`
+
   - **Cause:** You are running Gemini CLI in a terminal or environment that is
     not a supported IDE.
   - **Solution:** Run Gemini CLI from the integrated terminal of a supported

docs/local-development.md

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ You can view traces in the Jaeger UI for local development.
 
     This command configures your workspace for local telemetry and provides a
     link to the Jaeger UI (usually `http://localhost:16686`).
+
     - **Collector logs:** `~/.gemini/tmp/<projectHash>/otel/collector.log`
 
 2.  **Run Gemini CLI:**
@@ -108,6 +109,7 @@ Trace for custom processing or routing.
 
     The script outputs links to view traces, metrics, and logs in the Google
     Cloud Console.
+
     - **Collector logs:** `~/.gemini/tmp/<projectHash>/otel/collector-gcp.log`
 
 3.  **Run Gemini CLI:**

docs/reference/commands.md

@@ -506,6 +506,7 @@ the dedicated [Custom Commands documentation](../cli/custom-commands.md).
 These shortcuts apply directly to the input prompt for text manipulation.
 
 - **Undo:**
+
   - **Keyboard shortcut:** Press **Ctrl+z** (Windows), **Cmd+z** (macOS), or
     **Alt+z** (Linux/WSL) to undo the last action in the input prompt.
 
@@ -519,6 +520,7 @@ At commands are used to include the content of files or directories as part of
 your prompt to Gemini. These commands include git-aware filtering.
 
 - **`@<path_to_file_or_directory>`**
+
   - **Description:** Inject the content of the specified file or files into your
     current prompt. This is useful for asking questions about specific code,
     text, or collections of files.
@@ -565,6 +567,7 @@ The `!` prefix lets you interact with your system's shell directly from within
 Gemini CLI.
 
 - **`!<shell_command>`**
+
   - **Description:** Execute the given `<shell_command>` using `bash` on
     Linux/macOS or `powershell.exe -NoProfile -Command` on Windows (unless you
     override `ComSpec`). Any output or errors from the command are displayed in
@@ -574,6 +577,7 @@ Gemini CLI.
     - `!git status` (executes `git status` and returns to Gemini CLI)
 
 - **`!` (Toggle shell mode)**
+
   - **Description:** Typing `!` on its own toggles shell mode.
     - **Entering shell mode:**
       - When active, shell mode uses a different coloring and a "Shell Mode

docs/release-confidence.md

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ Before promoting a `preview` release to `stable`, a release manager must
 manually run through this checklist.
 
 - **Setup:**
+
   - [ ] Uninstall any existing global version:
         `npm uninstall -g @google/gemini-cli`
   - [ ] Clear npx cache (optional but recommended): `npm cache clean --force`
@@ -77,24 +78,29 @@ manually run through this checklist.
   - [ ] Verify version: `gemini --version`
 
 - **Authentication:**
+
   - [ ] In interactive mode run `/auth` and verify all sign in flows work:
     - [ ] Sign in with Google
     - [ ] API Key
     - [ ] Vertex AI
 
 - **Basic prompting:**
+
   - [ ] Run `gemini "Tell me a joke"` and verify a sensible response.
   - [ ] Run in interactive mode: `gemini`. Ask a follow-up question to test
         context.
 
 - **Piped input:**
+
   - [ ] Run `echo "Summarize this" | gemini` and verify it processes stdin.
 
 - **Context management:**
+
   - [ ] In interactive mode, use `@file` to add a local file to context. Ask a
         question about it.
 
 - **Settings:**
+
   - [ ] In interactive mode run `/settings` and make modifications
   - [ ] Validate that setting is changed
 

docs/releases.md

@@ -475,6 +475,7 @@ This stage happens _after_ the NPM publish and creates the single-file
 executable that enables `npx` usage directly from the GitHub repository.
 
 1.  **The JavaScript bundle is created:**
+
     - **What happens:** The built JavaScript from both `packages/core/dist` and
       `packages/cli/dist`, along with all third-party JavaScript dependencies,
       are bundled by `esbuild` into a single, executable JavaScript file (for
@@ -486,6 +487,7 @@ executable that enables `npx` usage directly from the GitHub repository.
       the `core` package) are included directly.
 
 2.  **The `bundle` directory is assembled:**
+
     - **What happens:** A temporary `bundle` folder is created at the project
       root. The single `gemini.js` executable is placed inside it, along with
       other essential files.

docs/resources/quota-and-pricing.md

@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ Standard/Plus and AI Expanded, are not supported._
   license seats. For predictable costs, you can sign in with Google.
 
   This includes the following request limits:
+
   - Gemini Code Assist Standard edition:
     - 1500 maximum model requests / user / day
   - Gemini Code Assist Enterprise edition:

docs/resources/troubleshooting.md

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ topics on:
 
 - **Error:
   `You must be a named user on your organization's Gemini Code Assist Standard edition subscription to use this service. Please contact your administrator to request an entitlement to Gemini Code Assist Standard edition.`**
+
   - **Cause:** This error might occur if Gemini CLI detects the
     `GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT` or `GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT_ID` environment variable is
     defined. Setting these variables forces an organization subscription check.
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ topics on:
     linked to an organizational subscription.
 
   - **Solution:**
+
     - **Individual Users:** Unset the `GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT` and
       `GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT_ID` environment variables. Check and remove these
       variables from your shell configuration files (for example, `.bashrc`,
@@ -30,12 +32,14 @@ topics on:
 
 - **Error:
   `Failed to sign in. Message: Your current account is not eligible... because it is not currently available in your location.`**
+
   - **Cause:** Gemini CLI does not currently support your location. For a full
     list of supported locations, see the following pages:
     - Gemini Code Assist for individuals:
       [Available locations](https://developers.google.com/gemini-code-assist/resources/available-locations#americas)
 
 - **Error: `Failed to sign in. Message: Request contains an invalid argument`**
+
   - **Cause:** Users with Google Workspace accounts or Google Cloud accounts
     associated with their Gmail accounts may not be able to activate the free
     tier of the Google Code Assist plan.
@@ -66,6 +70,7 @@ topics on:
 ## Common error messages and solutions
 
 - **Error: `EADDRINUSE` (Address already in use) when starting an MCP server.**
+
   - **Cause:** Another process is already using the port that the MCP server is
     trying to bind to.
   - **Solution:** Either stop the other process that is using the port or
@@ -73,6 +78,7 @@ topics on:
 
 - **Error: Command not found (when attempting to run Gemini CLI with
   `gemini`).**
+
   - **Cause:** Gemini CLI is not correctly installed or it is not in your
     system's `PATH`.
   - **Solution:** The update depends on how you installed Gemini CLI:
@@ -85,6 +91,7 @@ topics on:
       then rebuild using the command `npm run build`.
 
 - **Error: `MODULE_NOT_FOUND` or import errors.**
+
   - **Cause:** Dependencies are not installed correctly, or the project hasn't
     been built.
   - **Solution:**
@@ -93,6 +100,7 @@ topics on:
     3.  Verify that the build completed successfully with `npm run start`.
 
 - **Error: "Operation not permitted", "Permission denied", or similar.**
+
   - **Cause:** When sandboxing is enabled, Gemini CLI may attempt operations
     that are restricted by your sandbox configuration, such as writing outside
     the project directory or system temp directory.
@@ -101,6 +109,7 @@ topics on:
     configuration.
 
 - **Gemini CLI is not running in interactive mode in "CI" environments**
+
   - **Issue:** Gemini CLI does not enter interactive mode (no prompt appears) if
     an environment variable starting with `CI_` (for example, `CI_TOKEN`) is
     set. This is because the `is-in-ci` package, used by the underlying UI
@@ -116,6 +125,7 @@ topics on:
     `env -u CI_TOKEN gemini`
 
 - **DEBUG mode not working from project .env file**
+
   - **Issue:** Setting `DEBUG=true` in a project's `.env` file doesn't enable
     debug mode for gemini-cli.
   - **Cause:** The `DEBUG` and `DEBUG_MODE` variables are automatically excluded
@@ -155,12 +165,14 @@ is especially useful for scripting and automation.
 ## Debugging tips
 
 - **CLI debugging:**
+
   - Use the `--debug` flag for more detailed output. In interactive mode, press
     F12 to view the debug console.
   - Check the CLI logs, often found in a user-specific configuration or cache
     directory.
 
 - **Core debugging:**
+
   - Check the server console output for error messages or stack traces.
   - Increase log verbosity if configurable. For example, set the `DEBUG_MODE`
     environment variable to `true` or `1`.
@@ -168,6 +180,7 @@ is especially useful for scripting and automation.
     step through server-side code.
 
 - **Tool issues:**
+
   - If a specific tool is failing, try to isolate the issue by running the
     simplest possible version of the command or operation the tool performs.
   - For `run_shell_command`, check that the command works directly in your shell

docs/tools/ask-user.md

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ confirmation.
 - **Display name:** Ask User
 - **File:** `ask-user.ts`
 - **Parameters:**
+
   - `questions` (array of objects, required): A list of 1 to 4 questions to ask.
     Each question object has the following properties:
     - `question` (string, required): The complete question text.
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ confirmation.
     - `placeholder` (string, optional): Hint text for input fields.
 
 - **Behavior:**
+
   - Presents an interactive dialog to the user with the specified questions.
   - Pauses execution until the user provides answers or dismisses the dialog.
   - Returns the user's answers to the model.

docs/tools/mcp-server.md

@@ -768,6 +768,7 @@ defaults:
 
 - **Tool lists:** Tool lists are merged securely to ensure the most restrictive
   policy wins:
+
   - **Exclusions (`excludeTools`):** Arrays are combined (unioned). If either
     source blocks a tool, it remains disabled.
   - **Inclusions (`includeTools`):** Arrays are intersected. If both sources

eslint.config.js

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ export default tseslint.config(
       'eslint.config.js',
       '**/coverage/**',
       'packages/**/dist/**',
+      'tools/**/dist/**',
       'bundle/**',
       'package/bundle/**',
       '.integration-tests/**',
@@ -80,8 +81,8 @@ export default tseslint.config(
     },
   },
   {
-    // Rules for packages/*/src (TS/TSX)
-    files: ['packages/*/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'],
+    // Rules for packages/*/src and tools/caretaker-agent (TS/TSX)
+    files: ['packages/*/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}', 'tools/caretaker-agent/**/*.{ts,tsx}'],
     plugins: {
       import: importPlugin,
     },
@@ -284,7 +285,7 @@ export default tseslint.config(
     },
   },
   {
-    files: ['packages/*/src/**/*.test.{ts,tsx}'],
+    files: ['packages/*/src/**/*.test.{ts,tsx}', 'tools/**/*.test.ts'],
     plugins: {
       vitest,
     },
@@ -410,6 +411,13 @@ export default tseslint.config(
       '@typescript-eslint/no-require-imports': 'off',
     },
   },
+  // Allow console logging for backend services (Cloud Logging)
+  {
+    files: ['tools/**/*.ts', 'tools/**/*.test.ts'],
+    rules: {
+      'no-console': 'off',
+    },
+  },
   // Prettier config must be last
   prettierConfig,
   // extra settings for scripts that we run directly with node

integration-tests/file-system-interactive.test.ts

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ describe('Interactive file system', () => {
     const run = await rig.runInteractive();
 
     // Step 1: Read the file
-    const readPrompt = `Read the version from ${fileName}`;
+    const readPrompt = `Read the version from ${fileName} using the read_file tool`;
     await run.type(readPrompt);
     await run.type('\r');
 

integration-tests/parallel-tools.responses

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
+{"method":"generateContent","response":{"candidates":[{"content":{"parts":[{"text":"{\n  \"reasoning\": \"Simple task.\",\n  \"model_choice\": \"flash\"\n}"}]},"finishReason":"STOP","index":0}]}}
 {"method":"generateContentStream","response":[{"candidates":[{"content":{"parts":[{"functionCall":{"name":"read_file","args":{"file_path":"file1.txt"}}},{"functionCall":{"name":"read_file","args":{"file_path":"file2.txt"}}},{"functionCall":{"name":"write_file","args":{"file_path":"output.txt","content":"wave2"}}},{"functionCall":{"name":"read_file","args":{"file_path":"file3.txt"}}},{"functionCall":{"name":"read_file","args":{"file_path":"file4.txt"}}}, {"text":"All waves completed successfully."}]},"finishReason":"STOP","index":0}]}]}
+{"method":"generateContent","response":{"candidates":[{"content":{"parts":[{"text":"All waves completed successfully."}]},"finishReason":"STOP","index":0}]}}

integration-tests/parallel-tools.test.ts

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ describe('Parallel Tool Execution Integration', () => {
   it('should execute [read, read, write, read, read] in correct waves with user approval', async () => {
     rig.setup('parallel-wave-execution', {
       fakeResponsesPath: join(import.meta.dirname, 'parallel-tools.responses'),
+      fakeResponsesNonStrict: true,
       settings: {
         tools: {
           core: ['read_file', 'write_file'],
@@ -40,19 +41,24 @@ describe('Parallel Tool Execution Integration', () => {
 
     const run = await rig.runInteractive({ approvalMode: 'default' });
 
-    // 1. Trigger the wave
-    await run.type('ok');
-    await run.type('\r');
+    try {
+      // 1. Trigger the wave
+      await run.type('ok');
+      await run.type('\r');
 
-    // 3. Wait for the write_file prompt.
-    await run.expectText('Allow', 5000);
+      // 3. Wait for the write_file prompt.
+      await run.expectText('Allow', 10000);
 
-    // 4. Press Enter to approve the write_file.
-    await run.type('y');
-    await run.type('\r');
+      // 4. Press Enter to approve the write_file.
+      await run.type('y');
+      await run.type('\r');
 
-    // 5. Wait for the final model response
-    await run.expectText('All waves completed successfully.', 5000);
+      // 5. Wait for the final model response
+      await run.expectText('All waves completed successfully.', 10000);
+    } catch (err) {
+      fs.writeFileSync('pty_output_failure.txt', run.output);
+      throw err;
+    }
 
     // Verify all tool calls were made and succeeded in the logs
     await rig.expectToolCallSuccess(['write_file']);
@@ -73,5 +79,5 @@ describe('Parallel Tool Execution Integration', () => {
     expect(fs.readFileSync(join(rig.testDir!, 'output.txt'), 'utf8')).toBe(
       'wave2',
     );
-  });
+  }, 30000);
 });

package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@google/gemini-cli",
-  "version": "0.48.0-nightly.20260609.g3a13b8eeb",
+  "version": "0.52.0-nightly.20260715.gfa975395b",
   "engines": {
     "node": ">=20.0.0"
   },
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
     "url": "git+https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli.git"
   },
   "config": {
-    "sandboxImageUri": "us-docker.pkg.dev/gemini-code-dev/gemini-cli/sandbox:0.48.0-nightly.20260609.g3a13b8eeb"
+    "sandboxImageUri": "us-docker.pkg.dev/gemini-code-dev/gemini-cli/sandbox:0.52.0-nightly.20260715.gfa975395b"
   },
   "scripts": {
     "start": "cross-env NODE_ENV=development node scripts/start.js",
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@
     "schema:settings": "tsx ./scripts/generate-settings-schema.ts",
     "docs:settings": "tsx ./scripts/generate-settings-doc.ts",
     "docs:keybindings": "tsx ./scripts/generate-keybindings-doc.ts",
+    "eval:inventory": "tsx ./scripts/eval-inventory-cli.ts",
+    "eval:inventory:json": "tsx ./scripts/eval-inventory-cli.ts --json",
+    "eval:coverage": "tsx ./scripts/eval-coverage-cli.ts",
     "build": "node scripts/build.js",
     "build-and-start": "npm run build && npm run start --",
     "build:vscode": "node scripts/build_vscode_companion.js",
@@ -78,10 +81,10 @@
     "cliui": {
       "wrap-ansi": "7.0.0"
     },
-    "glob": "^12.0.0",
+    "glob": "12.0.0",
     "node-domexception": "npm:empty@^0.10.1",
     "prebuild-install": "npm:nop@1.0.0",
-    "cross-spawn": "^7.0.6"
+    "cross-spawn": "7.0.6"
   },
   "bin": {
     "gemini": "bundle/gemini.js"
@@ -92,73 +95,76 @@
     "LICENSE"
   ],
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@agentclientprotocol/sdk": "^0.16.1",
-    "read-package-up": "^11.0.0",
-    "@octokit/rest": "^22.0.0",
-    "@types/marked": "^5.0.2",
-    "@types/mime-types": "^3.0.1",
-    "@types/minimatch": "^5.1.2",
-    "@types/mock-fs": "^4.13.4",
-    "@types/prompts": "^2.4.9",
-    "@types/proper-lockfile": "^4.1.4",
-    "@types/react": "^19.2.0",
-    "@types/react-dom": "^19.2.0",
-    "@types/shell-quote": "^1.7.5",
-    "@types/ws": "^8.18.1",
-    "@vitest/coverage-v8": "^3.1.1",
-    "@vitest/eslint-plugin": "^1.3.4",
-    "asciichart": "^1.5.25",
-    "cross-env": "^7.0.3",
-    "depcheck": "^1.4.7",
-    "domexception": "^4.0.0",
-    "esbuild": "^0.25.0",
-    "esbuild-plugin-wasm": "^1.1.0",
-    "eslint": "^9.24.0",
-    "eslint-config-prettier": "^10.1.2",
-    "eslint-plugin-headers": "^1.3.3",
-    "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.32.0",
-    "eslint-plugin-react": "^7.37.5",
-    "eslint-plugin-react-hooks": "^5.2.0",
-    "glob": "^12.0.0",
-    "globals": "^16.0.0",
-    "google-artifactregistry-auth": "^3.4.0",
-    "husky": "^9.1.7",
-    "json": "^11.0.0",
-    "lint-staged": "^16.1.6",
-    "memfs": "^4.42.0",
-    "mnemonist": "^0.40.3",
-    "mock-fs": "^5.5.0",
-    "msw": "^2.10.4",
-    "npm-run-all": "^4.1.5",
-    "prettier": "^3.5.3",
-    "react-devtools-core": "^6.1.2",
-    "react-dom": "^19.2.0",
-    "semver": "^7.7.2",
-    "strip-ansi": "^7.1.2",
-    "ts-prune": "^0.10.3",
-    "tsx": "^4.20.3",
-    "typescript": "^5.8.3",
-    "typescript-eslint": "^8.30.1",
-    "vitest": "^3.2.4",
-    "yargs": "^17.7.2"
+    "@agentclientprotocol/sdk": "0.16.1",
+    "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk": "1.23.0",
+    "read-package-up": "11.0.0",
+    "@octokit/rest": "22.0.0",
+    "@types/express": "5.0.3",
+    "@types/marked": "5.0.2",
+    "@types/mime-types": "3.0.1",
+    "@types/minimatch": "5.1.2",
+    "@types/mock-fs": "4.13.4",
+    "@types/prompts": "2.4.9",
+    "@types/proper-lockfile": "4.1.4",
+    "@types/react": "19.2.0",
+    "@types/react-dom": "19.2.0",
+    "@types/shell-quote": "1.7.5",
+    "@types/ws": "8.18.1",
+    "@vitest/coverage-v8": "3.2.4",
+    "@vitest/eslint-plugin": "1.3.4",
+    "asciichart": "1.5.25",
+    "cross-env": "7.0.3",
+    "depcheck": "1.4.7",
+    "domexception": "4.0.0",
+    "esbuild": "0.25.0",
+    "esbuild-plugin-wasm": "1.1.0",
+    "eslint": "9.24.0",
+    "eslint-config-prettier": "10.1.2",
+    "eslint-plugin-headers": "1.3.3",
+    "eslint-plugin-import": "2.32.0",
+    "eslint-plugin-react": "7.37.5",
+    "eslint-plugin-react-hooks": "5.2.0",
+    "express": "5.1.0",
+    "glob": "12.0.0",
+    "globals": "16.0.0",
+    "google-artifactregistry-auth": "3.4.0",
+    "husky": "9.1.7",
+    "json": "11.0.0",
+    "lint-staged": "16.1.6",
+    "memfs": "4.42.0",
+    "mnemonist": "0.40.3",
+    "mock-fs": "5.5.0",
+    "msw": "2.10.4",
+    "npm-run-all": "4.1.5",
+    "prettier": "3.5.3",
+    "react-devtools-core": "6.1.2",
+    "react-dom": "19.2.4",
+    "semver": "7.7.2",
+    "strip-ansi": "7.1.2",
+    "ts-prune": "0.10.3",
+    "tsx": "4.20.3",
+    "typescript": "5.8.3",
+    "typescript-eslint": "8.30.1",
+    "vitest": "3.2.4",
+    "yargs": "17.7.2"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "ink": "npm:@jrichman/ink@6.6.9",
-    "latest-version": "^9.0.0",
-    "node-fetch-native": "^1.6.7",
-    "proper-lockfile": "^4.1.2",
-    "punycode": "^2.3.1",
-    "simple-git": "^3.28.0"
+    "latest-version": "9.0.0",
+    "node-fetch-native": "1.6.7",
+    "proper-lockfile": "4.1.2",
+    "punycode": "2.3.1",
+    "simple-git": "3.28.0"
   },
   "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@github/keytar": "^7.10.6",
+    "@github/keytar": "7.10.6",
     "@lydell/node-pty": "1.1.0",
     "@lydell/node-pty-darwin-arm64": "1.1.0",
     "@lydell/node-pty-darwin-x64": "1.1.0",
     "@lydell/node-pty-linux-x64": "1.1.0",
     "@lydell/node-pty-win32-arm64": "1.1.0",
     "@lydell/node-pty-win32-x64": "1.1.0",
-    "node-pty": "^1.0.0"
+    "node-pty": "1.0.0"
   },
   "lint-staged": {
     "*.{js,jsx,ts,tsx}": [

packages/a2a-server/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@google/gemini-cli-a2a-server",
-  "version": "0.48.0-nightly.20260609.g3a13b8eeb",
+  "version": "0.52.0-nightly.20260715.gfa975395b",
   "description": "Gemini CLI A2A Server",
   "repository": {
     "type": "git",
@@ -26,25 +26,25 @@
   ],
   "dependencies": {
     "@a2a-js/sdk": "0.3.11",
-    "@google-cloud/storage": "^7.19.0",
+    "@google-cloud/storage": "7.19.0",
     "@google/gemini-cli-core": "file:../core",
-    "express": "^5.1.0",
-    "fs-extra": "^11.3.0",
-    "strip-json-comments": "^3.1.1",
-    "tar": "^7.5.8",
-    "uuid": "^13.0.0",
-    "winston": "^3.17.0"
+    "express": "5.1.0",
+    "fs-extra": "11.3.0",
+    "strip-json-comments": "3.1.1",
+    "tar": "7.5.8",
+    "uuid": "13.0.0",
+    "winston": "3.17.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@google/genai": "1.30.0",
-    "@types/express": "^5.0.3",
-    "@types/fs-extra": "^11.0.4",
-    "@types/supertest": "^6.0.3",
-    "@types/tar": "^6.1.13",
-    "dotenv": "^16.4.5",
-    "supertest": "^7.1.4",
-    "typescript": "^5.3.3",
-    "vitest": "^3.1.1"
+    "@types/express": "5.0.3",
+    "@types/fs-extra": "11.0.4",
+    "@types/supertest": "6.0.3",
+    "@types/tar": "6.1.13",
+    "dotenv": "16.4.5",
+    "supertest": "7.1.4",
+    "typescript": "5.8.3",
+    "vitest": "3.2.4"
   },
   "engines": {
     "node": ">=20"

packages/a2a-server/src/agent/executor.test.ts

@@ -14,7 +14,24 @@ import type {
 import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events';
 import { requestStorage } from '../http/requestStorage.js';
 
+vi.mock('../utils/path_utils.js', () => ({
+  validateWorkspacePath: vi
+    .fn()
+    .mockImplementation(async (path?: string) => path || process.cwd()),
+}));
+
 // Mocks for constructor dependencies
+vi.mock('@google/gemini-cli-core', () => ({
+  GeminiEventType: {
+    PRIMARY_TURN_STARTED: 'PRIMARY_TURN_STARTED',
+    SECONDARY_TURN_STARTED: 'SECONDARY_TURN_STARTED',
+  },
+  SimpleExtensionLoader: vi.fn(),
+  checkPathTrust: vi.fn().mockReturnValue({ isTrusted: false }),
+  isHeadlessMode: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(true),
+  resolveToRealPath: vi.fn().mockImplementation((p) => p),
+}));
+
 vi.mock('../config/config.js', () => ({
   loadConfig: vi.fn().mockReturnValue({
     getSessionId: () => 'test-session',
@@ -24,6 +41,10 @@ vi.mock('../config/config.js', () => ({
   loadEnvironment: vi.fn(),
   setIsTrusted: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(false),
   setTargetDir: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('/tmp'),
+  envStorage: {
+    run: (env: Record<string, string>, cb: () => unknown) => cb(),
+  },
+  cwdSymbol: Symbol('cwd'),
 }));
 
 vi.mock('../config/settings.js', () => ({
@@ -300,4 +321,125 @@ describe('CoderAgentExecutor', () => {
       true,
     );
   });
+
+  it('cancelTask should abort the active execution loop', async () => {
+    const abortSpy = vi.spyOn(AbortController.prototype, 'abort');
+    const taskId = 'test-task-to-cancel';
+    const contextId = 'test-context';
+
+    const mockSocket = new EventEmitter();
+    (requestStorage.getStore as Mock).mockReturnValue({
+      req: { socket: mockSocket },
+    });
+
+    const requestContext = {
+      userMessage: {
+        messageId: 'msg-1',
+        taskId,
+        contextId,
+        parts: [{ kind: 'text', text: 'a long running prompt' }],
+        metadata: {
+          coderAgent: { kind: 'agent-settings', workspacePath: '/tmp' },
+        },
+      },
+    } as unknown as RequestContext;
+
+    // Don't await this, let it run in the background.
+    let primaryError: Error | null = null;
+    const primaryPromise = executor.execute(requestContext, mockEventBus);
+    primaryPromise.catch((err) => {
+      primaryError = err as Error;
+    });
+
+    // Poll until the task is registered in the executor to avoid flaky timeouts in slow CI environments.
+    let attempts = 0;
+    while (!executor.getTask(taskId)) {
+      if (primaryError) {
+        throw new Error(`Primary execution failed early: ${primaryError}`);
+      }
+      if (attempts++ > 100) {
+        // 100 * 5ms = 500ms timeout
+        throw new Error('Timed out waiting for task to be registered');
+      }
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 5));
+    }
+
+    const wrapper = executor.getTask(taskId);
+    expect(wrapper).toBeDefined();
+    const setTaskStateSpy = vi
+      .spyOn(wrapper!.task, 'setTaskStateAndPublishUpdate')
+      .mockImplementation((newState) => {
+        // Make the mock realistic: actually update the state when called.
+        wrapper!.task.taskState = newState;
+      });
+
+    // Now, cancel the task.
+    await executor.cancelTask(taskId, mockEventBus);
+
+    // Verify that the abort method on the controller was called and state was updated.
+    expect(abortSpy).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    expect(setTaskStateSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'canceled',
+      expect.any(Object),
+      'Task canceled by user request.',
+      undefined,
+      true,
+    );
+
+    // Clean up the test by allowing the promise to resolve.
+    // The abort call should have unblocked the acceptUserMessage generator.
+    await primaryPromise;
+
+    // Verify task is evicted from cache
+    expect(executor.getTask(taskId)).toBeUndefined();
+
+    abortSpy.mockRestore();
+  });
+
+  it('cancelTask should explicitly save task state to TaskStore and evict task during active aborts', async () => {
+    const taskId = 'test-task-active-abort-save';
+    const contextId = 'test-context';
+
+    const mockSocket = new EventEmitter();
+    (requestStorage.getStore as Mock).mockReturnValue({
+      req: { socket: mockSocket },
+    });
+
+    const requestContext = {
+      userMessage: {
+        messageId: 'msg-1',
+        taskId,
+        contextId,
+        parts: [{ kind: 'text', text: 'a long running prompt' }],
+        metadata: {
+          coderAgent: { kind: 'agent-settings', workspacePath: '/tmp' },
+        },
+      },
+    } as unknown as RequestContext;
+
+    const primaryPromise = executor.execute(requestContext, mockEventBus);
+
+    // Wait for task to be registered
+    let attempts = 0;
+    while (!executor.getTask(taskId)) {
+      if (attempts++ > 100) {
+        throw new Error('Timed out waiting for task to be registered');
+      }
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 5));
+    }
+
+    const wrapper = executor.getTask(taskId)!;
+    const saveSpy = vi.spyOn(mockTaskStore, 'save');
+
+    // Now, cancel the task.
+    await executor.cancelTask(taskId, mockEventBus);
+
+    // Verify that the task state was saved to TaskStore during cancelTask
+    expect(saveSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(wrapper.task.dispose).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(executor.getTask(taskId)).toBeUndefined();
+
+    // Clean up the test by allowing the promise to resolve.
+    await primaryPromise;
+  });
 });

packages/a2a-server/src/agent/task.ts

@@ -1092,19 +1092,21 @@ export class Task {
     logger.info(
       `[Task] Adding ${completedTools.length} tool responses to history without generating a new response.`,
     );
-    const responsesToAdd = completedTools.flatMap(
-      (toolCall) => toolCall.response.responseParts,
-    );
-
-    for (const response of responsesToAdd) {
-      let parts: genAiPart[];
-      if (Array.isArray(response)) {
-        parts = response;
-      } else if (typeof response === 'string') {
-        parts = [{ text: response }];
-      } else {
-        parts = [response];
+    const parts: genAiPart[] = [];
+    for (const toolCall of completedTools) {
+      const response = toolCall.response?.responseParts;
+      if (!response) {
+        continue;
       }
+      if (Array.isArray(response)) {
+        parts.push(...response);
+      } else if (typeof response === 'string') {
+        parts.push({ text: response });
+      } else {
+        parts.push(response);
+      }
+    }
+    if (parts.length > 0) {
       // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-floating-promises
       this.geminiClient.addHistory({
         role: 'user',

packages/a2a-server/src/config/config.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 import * as fs from 'node:fs';
 import * as path from 'node:path';
 import * as dotenv from 'dotenv';
+import { AsyncLocalStorage } from 'node:async_hooks';
 
 import {
   AuthType,
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ import {
   startupProfiler,
   PREVIEW_GEMINI_MODEL,
   homedir,
+  tmpdir,
   GitService,
   fetchAdminControlsOnce,
   getCodeAssistServer,
@@ -28,28 +30,246 @@ import {
   type TelemetryTarget,
   type ConfigParameters,
   type ExtensionLoader,
+  resolveToRealPath,
 } from '@google/gemini-cli-core';
 
 import { logger } from '../utils/logger.js';
 import type { Settings } from './settings.js';
 import { type AgentSettings, CoderAgentEvent } from '../types.js';
 
-const INITIAL_FOLDER_TRUST = process.env['GEMINI_FOLDER_TRUST'];
+export const envStorage = new AsyncLocalStorage<TaskEnv>();
+
+const deletedKeysSymbol = Symbol('deletedKeys');
+export const cwdSymbol = Symbol('cwd');
+
+export interface TaskEnv extends Record<string, string | undefined> {
+  [deletedKeysSymbol]?: Set<string>;
+  [cwdSymbol]?: string;
+}
+
+// Set up a Proxy on process.env to intercept reads and writes, isolating environment variables per task
+const originalEnv = process.env;
+const envProxy = new Proxy(originalEnv, {
+  get(target, prop) {
+    if (typeof prop === 'string') {
+      const taskEnv = envStorage.getStore();
+      if (taskEnv) {
+        const deleted = taskEnv[deletedKeysSymbol];
+        if (deleted?.has(prop)) {
+          return undefined;
+        }
+        if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(taskEnv, prop)) {
+          return taskEnv[prop];
+        }
+      }
+      return target[prop];
+    }
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any, @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion
+    return target[prop as any];
+  },
+  has(target, prop) {
+    if (typeof prop === 'string') {
+      const taskEnv = envStorage.getStore();
+      if (taskEnv) {
+        const deleted = taskEnv[deletedKeysSymbol];
+        if (deleted?.has(prop)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(taskEnv, prop)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+      return prop in target;
+    }
+    return prop in target;
+  },
+  set(target, prop, value) {
+    if (typeof prop === 'string') {
+      if (
+        prop === '__proto__' ||
+        prop === 'constructor' ||
+        prop === 'prototype'
+      ) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      const taskEnv = envStorage.getStore();
+      if (taskEnv) {
+        taskEnv[deletedKeysSymbol]?.delete(prop);
+        taskEnv[prop] = String(value);
+        return true;
+      }
+      target[prop] = String(value);
+      return true;
+    }
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any, @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion, @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-assignment
+    target[prop as any] = value;
+    return true;
+  },
+  deleteProperty(target, prop) {
+    if (typeof prop === 'string') {
+      if (
+        prop === '__proto__' ||
+        prop === 'constructor' ||
+        prop === 'prototype'
+      ) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      const taskEnv = envStorage.getStore();
+      if (taskEnv) {
+        delete taskEnv[prop];
+        (taskEnv[deletedKeysSymbol] ??= new Set()).add(prop);
+        return true;
+      }
+      delete target[prop];
+      return true;
+    }
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any, @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion
+    return delete target[prop as any];
+  },
+  ownKeys(target) {
+    const taskEnv = envStorage.getStore();
+    if (taskEnv) {
+      const keys = new Set<string | symbol>([
+        ...Object.getOwnPropertyNames(target),
+        ...Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(target),
+        ...Object.keys(taskEnv),
+      ]);
+      taskEnv[deletedKeysSymbol]?.forEach((key) => {
+        keys.delete(key);
+      });
+      return Array.from(keys);
+    }
+    return [
+      ...Object.getOwnPropertyNames(target),
+      ...Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(target),
+    ];
+  },
+  getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, prop) {
+    const taskEnv = envStorage.getStore();
+    if (taskEnv && typeof prop === 'string') {
+      const deleted = taskEnv[deletedKeysSymbol];
+      if (deleted?.has(prop)) {
+        return undefined;
+      }
+      if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(taskEnv, prop)) {
+        return {
+          value: taskEnv[prop],
+          writable: true,
+          enumerable: true,
+          configurable: true,
+        };
+      }
+    }
+    return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, prop);
+  },
+  defineProperty(target, prop, descriptor) {
+    if (typeof prop === 'string') {
+      if (
+        prop === '__proto__' ||
+        prop === 'constructor' ||
+        prop === 'prototype'
+      ) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      const taskEnv = envStorage.getStore();
+      if (taskEnv) {
+        taskEnv[deletedKeysSymbol]?.delete(prop);
+        taskEnv[prop] =
+          descriptor.value !== undefined ? String(descriptor.value) : undefined;
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any, @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion
+    Object.defineProperty(target, prop as any, descriptor);
+    return true;
+  },
+});
+
+Object.defineProperty(process, 'env', {
+  value: envProxy,
+  writable: false,
+  configurable: true,
+});
+
+// NOTE: Monkey-patching process.cwd and process.chdir via AsyncLocalStorage is a robust way
+// to simulate workspace isolation in a concurrent server. However, please be aware of a critical
+// limitation: Node.js native C++ APIs (such as fs.readFileSync, fs.writeFile, etc.) and child
+// process spawning APIs (like child_process.spawn) resolve relative paths using the OS-level
+// working directory of the process, NOT the JS-level process.cwd() function.
+// To prevent cross-task interference, all file paths in the core package must be resolved to
+// absolute paths using path.resolve/path.join relative to config.getTargetDir() or config.getCwd()
+// before being passed to native APIs.
+const originalCwd = process.cwd;
+process.cwd = function () {
+  const taskEnv = envStorage.getStore();
+  if (taskEnv && taskEnv[cwdSymbol]) {
+    return taskEnv[cwdSymbol];
+  }
+  return originalCwd.call(process);
+};
+
+const originalChdir = process.chdir;
+process.chdir = function (directory: string) {
+  const taskEnv = envStorage.getStore();
+  if (taskEnv) {
+    const resolved = path.resolve(process.cwd(), directory);
+    try {
+      const stats = fs.statSync(resolved);
+      if (!stats.isDirectory()) {
+        const err = new Error(
+          "ENOTDIR: not a directory, chdir '" + resolved + "'",
+        );
+        (err as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code = 'ENOTDIR';
+        throw err;
+      }
+    } catch (err: unknown) {
+      if (
+        err &&
+        typeof err === 'object' &&
+        'code' in err &&
+        err.code === 'ENOENT'
+      ) {
+        const chdirErr = new Error(
+          "ENOENT: no such file or directory, chdir '" + resolved + "'",
+        );
+        (chdirErr as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code = 'ENOENT';
+        throw chdirErr;
+      }
+      throw err;
+    }
+    taskEnv[cwdSymbol] = resolved;
+    return;
+  }
+  return originalChdir.call(process, directory);
+};
+
+export function getEnv(key: string): string | undefined {
+  return process.env[key];
+}
 
 export async function loadConfig(
   settings: Settings,
   extensionLoader: ExtensionLoader,
   taskId: string,
   trusted: boolean = false,
+  workspaceDir: string = process.cwd(),
 ): Promise<Config> {
-  const workspaceDir = process.cwd();
+  const workspaceEnv = await loadEnvironment(trusted, workspaceDir);
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion
+  const envVars: Record<string, string> = { ...process.env } as Record<
+    string,
+    string
+  >;
+  Object.assign(envVars, workspaceEnv);
+
+  const getEnvLocal = (key: string) => envVars[key];
 
   const folderTrust =
     settings.folderTrust === true ||
-    process.env['GEMINI_FOLDER_TRUST'] === 'true';
+    getEnvLocal('GEMINI_FOLDER_TRUST') === 'true';
 
-  let checkpointing = process.env['CHECKPOINTING']
-    ? process.env['CHECKPOINTING'] === 'true'
+  let checkpointing = getEnvLocal('CHECKPOINTING')
+    ? getEnvLocal('CHECKPOINTING') === 'true'
     : settings.checkpointing?.enabled;
 
   if (checkpointing) {
@@ -62,7 +282,7 @@ export async function loadConfig(
   }
 
   const approvalMode =
-    process.env['GEMINI_YOLO_MODE'] === 'true'
+    getEnvLocal('GEMINI_YOLO_MODE') === 'true'
       ? ApprovalMode.YOLO
       : ApprovalMode.DEFAULT;
 
@@ -91,8 +311,9 @@ export async function loadConfig(
     embeddingModel: DEFAULT_GEMINI_EMBEDDING_MODEL,
     sandbox: undefined, // Sandbox might not be relevant for a server-side agent
     targetDir: workspaceDir, // Or a specific directory the agent operates on
-    debugMode: process.env['DEBUG'] === 'true' || false,
+    debugMode: getEnvLocal('DEBUG') === 'true' || false,
     question: '', // Not used in server mode directly like CLI
+    env: envVars,
 
     coreTools: settings.tools?.core || undefined,
     excludeTools: settings.tools?.exclude || undefined,
@@ -107,7 +328,7 @@ export async function loadConfig(
       // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion
       target: settings.telemetry?.target as TelemetryTarget,
       otlpEndpoint:
-        process.env['OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT'] ??
+        getEnvLocal('OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT') ??
         settings.telemetry?.otlpEndpoint,
       logPrompts: settings.telemetry?.logPrompts,
     },
@@ -119,8 +340,8 @@ export async function loadConfig(
         settings.fileFiltering?.enableRecursiveFileSearch,
       customIgnoreFilePaths: [
         ...(settings.fileFiltering?.customIgnoreFilePaths || []),
-        ...(process.env['CUSTOM_IGNORE_FILE_PATHS']
-          ? process.env['CUSTOM_IGNORE_FILE_PATHS'].split(path.delimiter)
+        ...(getEnvLocal('CUSTOM_IGNORE_FILE_PATHS')
+          ? getEnvLocal('CUSTOM_IGNORE_FILE_PATHS').split(path.delimiter)
           : []),
       ],
     },
@@ -179,7 +400,7 @@ export async function loadConfig(
   await config.waitForMcpInit();
   startupProfiler.flush(config);
 
-  await refreshAuthentication(config, 'Config');
+  await refreshAuthentication(config, 'Config', envVars);
 
   return config;
 }
@@ -187,16 +408,19 @@ export async function loadConfig(
 export function setIsTrusted(
   agentSettings: AgentSettings | undefined,
 ): boolean {
-  if (INITIAL_FOLDER_TRUST !== undefined) {
-    return INITIAL_FOLDER_TRUST === 'true';
+  const folderTrustEnv = getEnv('GEMINI_FOLDER_TRUST');
+  if (folderTrustEnv !== undefined) {
+    return folderTrustEnv === 'true';
   }
   return !!agentSettings?.isTrusted;
 }
 
-export function setTargetDir(agentSettings: AgentSettings | undefined): string {
+export async function setTargetDir(
+  agentSettings: AgentSettings | undefined,
+): Promise<string> {
   const originalCWD = process.cwd();
   const targetDir =
-    process.env['CODER_AGENT_WORKSPACE_PATH'] ??
+    getEnv('CODER_AGENT_WORKSPACE_PATH') ??
     (agentSettings?.kind === CoderAgentEvent.StateAgentSettingsEvent
       ? agentSettings.workspacePath
       : undefined);
@@ -210,58 +434,170 @@ export function setTargetDir(agentSettings: AgentSettings | undefined): string {
   );
 
   try {
-    const resolvedPath = path.resolve(targetDir);
-    process.chdir(resolvedPath);
+    let resolvedPath: string;
+    try {
+      resolvedPath = resolveToRealPath(targetDir);
+    } catch (err: unknown) {
+      if (
+        err &&
+        typeof err === 'object' &&
+        'code' in err &&
+        err.code === 'ENOENT'
+      ) {
+        const parentDir = path.dirname(path.resolve(targetDir));
+        resolvedPath = path.join(
+          resolveToRealPath(parentDir),
+          path.basename(targetDir),
+        );
+      } else {
+        throw err;
+      }
+    }
+
+    const isTestEnv =
+      process.env['VITEST'] === 'true' ||
+      process.env['NODE_ENV'] === 'test' ||
+      process.argv.some((arg) => arg.includes('vitest')) ||
+      resolvedPath.startsWith(resolveToRealPath(tmpdir()));
+
+    const allowedRoot = resolveToRealPath(
+      getEnv('CODER_AGENT_ALLOWED_ROOT') ||
+        (isTestEnv ? path.parse(resolvedPath).root : homedir()),
+    );
+    const relative = path.relative(allowedRoot, resolvedPath);
+    if (relative.startsWith('..') || path.isAbsolute(relative)) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Workspace path ${resolvedPath} is outside the allowed root directory`,
+      );
+    }
+
+    let stats: fs.Stats;
+    try {
+      stats = await fs.promises.stat(resolvedPath);
+    } catch (err: unknown) {
+      if (
+        err &&
+        typeof err === 'object' &&
+        'code' in err &&
+        err.code === 'ENOENT'
+      ) {
+        if (isTestEnv) {
+          await fs.promises.mkdir(resolvedPath, { recursive: true });
+          stats = await fs.promises.stat(resolvedPath);
+        } else {
+          throw new Error(`Workspace path ${resolvedPath} does not exist`);
+        }
+      } else {
+        throw err;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!stats.isDirectory()) {
+      throw new Error(`Workspace path ${resolvedPath} is not a directory`);
+    }
+
     return resolvedPath;
   } catch (e) {
-    logger.error(
-      `[CoderAgentExecutor] Error resolving workspace path: ${e}, returning original os.cwd()`,
-    );
-    return originalCWD;
+    logger.error(`[CoderAgentExecutor] Error resolving workspace path: ${e}`);
+    throw e;
   }
 }
 
-export function loadEnvironment(): void {
-  const envFilePath = findEnvFile(process.cwd());
+export async function loadEnvironment(
+  isTrusted: boolean = false,
+  workspacePath: string = process.cwd(),
+): Promise<Record<string, string>> {
+  // For untrusted workspaces, we completely bypass workspace-level .env loading
+  // and only load environment variables from the user's trusted home directory.
+  let envFilePath: string | null = null;
+  if (isTrusted) {
+    envFilePath = await findEnvFile(workspacePath);
+  } else {
+    const homeGeminiEnvPath = path.join(homedir(), GEMINI_DIR, '.env');
+    try {
+      await fs.promises.access(homeGeminiEnvPath);
+      envFilePath = homeGeminiEnvPath;
+    } catch {
+      const homeEnvPath = path.join(homedir(), '.env');
+      try {
+        await fs.promises.access(homeEnvPath);
+        envFilePath = homeEnvPath;
+      } catch {
+        // Ignore
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  const envVars: Record<string, string> = {};
   if (envFilePath) {
-    dotenv.config({ path: envFilePath, override: true });
+    try {
+      const content = await fs.promises.readFile(envFilePath, 'utf-8');
+      const parsed = dotenv.parse(content);
+      for (const key in parsed) {
+        if (
+          Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(parsed, key) &&
+          key !== '__proto__' &&
+          key !== 'constructor' &&
+          key !== 'prototype'
+        ) {
+          envVars[key] = parsed[key];
+        }
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Ignore errors
+    }
   }
+  return envVars;
 }
 
-function findEnvFile(startDir: string): string | null {
+async function findEnvFile(startDir: string): Promise<string | null> {
   let currentDir = path.resolve(startDir);
   while (true) {
     // prefer gemini-specific .env under GEMINI_DIR
     const geminiEnvPath = path.join(currentDir, GEMINI_DIR, '.env');
-    if (fs.existsSync(geminiEnvPath)) {
+    try {
+      await fs.promises.access(geminiEnvPath);
       return geminiEnvPath;
+    } catch {
+      // Ignore
     }
     const envPath = path.join(currentDir, '.env');
-    if (fs.existsSync(envPath)) {
+    try {
+      await fs.promises.access(envPath);
       return envPath;
+    } catch {
+      // Ignore
     }
     const parentDir = path.dirname(currentDir);
     if (parentDir === currentDir || !parentDir) {
-      // check .env under home as fallback, again preferring gemini-specific .env
-      const homeGeminiEnvPath = path.join(process.cwd(), GEMINI_DIR, '.env');
-      if (fs.existsSync(homeGeminiEnvPath)) {
-        return homeGeminiEnvPath;
-      }
-      const homeEnvPath = path.join(homedir(), '.env');
-      if (fs.existsSync(homeEnvPath)) {
-        return homeEnvPath;
-      }
-      return null;
+      break;
     }
     currentDir = parentDir;
   }
+  // check .env under home as fallback, again preferring gemini-specific .env
+  const homeGeminiEnvPath = path.join(homedir(), GEMINI_DIR, '.env');
+  try {
+    await fs.promises.access(homeGeminiEnvPath);
+    return homeGeminiEnvPath;
+  } catch {
+    // Ignore
+  }
+  const homeEnvPath = path.join(homedir(), '.env');
+  try {
+    await fs.promises.access(homeEnvPath);
+    return homeEnvPath;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
 }
 
 async function refreshAuthentication(
   config: Config,
   logPrefix: string,
+  envVars: Record<string, string>,
 ): Promise<void> {
-  if (process.env['USE_CCPA']) {
+  const getEnvLocal = (key: string) => envVars[key];
+
+  if (getEnvLocal('USE_CCPA')) {
     logger.info(`[${logPrefix}] Using CCPA Auth:`);
 
     logger.info(`[${logPrefix}] Attempting COMPUTE_ADC first.`);
@@ -276,7 +612,7 @@ async function refreshAuthentication(
       );
 
       const useComputeAdc =
-        process.env['GEMINI_CLI_USE_COMPUTE_ADC'] === 'true';
+        getEnvLocal('GEMINI_CLI_USE_COMPUTE_ADC') === 'true';
       const isHeadless = isHeadlessMode();
 
       if (isHeadless || useComputeAdc) {
@@ -305,11 +641,14 @@ async function refreshAuthentication(
     }
 
     logger.info(
-      `[${logPrefix}] GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT: ${process.env['GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT']}`,
+      `[${logPrefix}] GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT: ${getEnvLocal('GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT')}`,
     );
-  } else if (process.env['GEMINI_API_KEY']) {
+  } else if (getEnvLocal('GEMINI_API_KEY')) {
     logger.info(`[${logPrefix}] Using Gemini API Key`);
-    await config.refreshAuth(AuthType.USE_GEMINI);
+    await config.refreshAuth(
+      AuthType.USE_GEMINI,
+      getEnvLocal('GEMINI_API_KEY'),
+    );
   } else {
     const errorMessage = `[${logPrefix}] Unable to set GeneratorConfig. Please provide a GEMINI_API_KEY or set USE_CCPA.`;
     logger.error(errorMessage);

packages/a2a-server/src/config/extension.ts

@@ -36,9 +36,12 @@ interface ExtensionConfig {
   excludeTools?: string[];
 }
 
-export function loadExtensions(workspaceDir: string): GeminiCLIExtension[] {
+export function loadExtensions(
+  workspaceDir: string,
+  isTrusted: boolean = false,
+): GeminiCLIExtension[] {
   const allExtensions = [
-    ...loadExtensionsFromDir(workspaceDir),
+    ...(isTrusted ? loadExtensionsFromDir(workspaceDir) : []),
     ...loadExtensionsFromDir(homedir()),
   ];
 

packages/a2a-server/src/config/rce_vulnerability.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import * as fs from 'node:fs';
+import * as path from 'node:path';
+import * as os from 'node:os';
+
+let mockHomeDir = '';
+
+vi.mock('@google/gemini-cli-core', async (importOriginal) => {
+  const original =
+    await importOriginal<typeof import('@google/gemini-cli-core')>();
+  return {
+    ...original,
+    homedir: () => mockHomeDir,
+  };
+});
+
+import { loadEnvironment } from './config.js';
+
+describe('Vulnerability Mitigation: b-519269096', () => {
+  let tempWorkspaceDir: string;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    // Create a temporary home directory securely using mkdtempSync to ensure hermeticity
+    mockHomeDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'gemini-mock-home-'));
+
+    // Create a temporary workspace directory representing an untrusted repo
+    tempWorkspaceDir = fs.mkdtempSync(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'gemini-exploit-workspace-'),
+    );
+    const geminiDir = path.join(tempWorkspaceDir, '.gemini');
+    fs.mkdirSync(geminiDir, { recursive: true });
+
+    // Mock process.cwd to return the untrusted workspace
+    vi.spyOn(process, 'cwd').mockReturnValue(tempWorkspaceDir);
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.unstubAllEnvs();
+    vi.restoreAllMocks();
+    fs.rmSync(tempWorkspaceDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+    fs.rmSync(mockHomeDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  });
+
+  it('should ignore GEMINI_CLI_TRUST_WORKSPACE and GEMINI_YOLO_MODE in untrusted workspaces', async () => {
+    const geminiDir = path.join(tempWorkspaceDir, '.gemini');
+    fs.writeFileSync(
+      path.join(geminiDir, '.env'),
+      'GEMINI_CLI_TRUST_WORKSPACE=true\nGEMINI_YOLO_MODE=true\n',
+    );
+
+    // Ensure initially not set
+    vi.stubEnv('GEMINI_CLI_TRUST_WORKSPACE', '');
+    vi.stubEnv('GEMINI_YOLO_MODE', '');
+
+    // Act: load environment with isTrusted = false
+    const envVars = await loadEnvironment(false);
+
+    // Assert: In a SECURE system, these variables should NOT be loaded
+    expect(envVars['GEMINI_CLI_TRUST_WORKSPACE']).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(envVars['GEMINI_YOLO_MODE']).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(process.env['GEMINI_CLI_TRUST_WORKSPACE']).toBeFalsy();
+    expect(process.env['GEMINI_YOLO_MODE']).toBeFalsy();
+  });
+
+  it('should not load any variables from untrusted workspaces', async () => {
+    fs.writeFileSync(
+      path.join(tempWorkspaceDir, '.env'),
+      'GEMINI_API_KEY=safe-key-123;rm -rf /\nGOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT=my-project\n',
+    );
+
+    // Ensure initially not set
+    vi.stubEnv('GEMINI_API_KEY', '');
+    vi.stubEnv('GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT', '');
+
+    // Act: load environment with isTrusted = false
+    const envVars = await loadEnvironment(false);
+
+    // Assert: No variables should be loaded from the untrusted workspace
+    expect(envVars['GEMINI_API_KEY']).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(envVars['GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT']).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(process.env['GEMINI_API_KEY']).toBeFalsy();
+    expect(process.env['GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT']).toBeFalsy();
+  });
+
+  it('should load all variables in trusted workspaces with isolation', async () => {
+    const geminiDir = path.join(tempWorkspaceDir, '.gemini');
+    fs.writeFileSync(
+      path.join(geminiDir, '.env'),
+      'GEMINI_CLI_TRUST_WORKSPACE=true\nGEMINI_YOLO_MODE=true\n',
+    );
+
+    // Ensure initially not set
+    vi.stubEnv('GEMINI_CLI_TRUST_WORKSPACE', '');
+    vi.stubEnv('GEMINI_YOLO_MODE', '');
+
+    // Load environment variables
+    const envVars = await loadEnvironment(true);
+
+    // Assert: In a trusted workspace, variables should be loaded
+    expect(envVars['GEMINI_CLI_TRUST_WORKSPACE']).toBe('true');
+    expect(envVars['GEMINI_YOLO_MODE']).toBe('true');
+
+    // Assert: Global process.env should NOT be polluted
+    expect(process.env['GEMINI_CLI_TRUST_WORKSPACE']).toBeFalsy();
+    expect(process.env['GEMINI_YOLO_MODE']).toBeFalsy();
+  });
+});

packages/a2a-server/src/config/settings.ts

@@ -157,14 +157,17 @@ export function loadSettings(
 
 function resolveEnvVarsInString(value: string): string {
   const envVarRegex = /\$(?:(\w+)|{([^}]+)})/g; // Find $VAR_NAME or ${VAR_NAME}
-  return value.replace(envVarRegex, (match, varName1, varName2) => {
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-assignment
-    const varName = varName1 || varName2;
-    if (process && process.env && typeof process.env[varName] === 'string') {
-      return process.env[varName];
-    }
-    return match;
-  });
+  return value.replace(
+    envVarRegex,
+    (match: string, varName1: string, varName2: string) => {
+      const varName = varName1 || varName2;
+      const envValue = process?.env?.[varName];
+      if (typeof envValue === 'string') {
+        return envValue;
+      }
+      return match;
+    },
+  );
 }
 
 function resolveEnvVarsInObject<T>(obj: T): T {

packages/a2a-server/src/http/app.ts

@@ -197,8 +197,7 @@ async function handleExecuteCommand(
 export async function createApp() {
   try {
     // Load the server configuration once on startup.
-    const workspaceRoot = setTargetDir(undefined);
-    loadEnvironment();
+    const workspaceRoot = await setTargetDir(undefined);
 
     // Use a temporary settings load to check if folder trust is enabled.
     // This is similar to how the CLI handles the initial trust check.
@@ -209,13 +208,35 @@ export async function createApp() {
       isHeadless: isHeadlessMode(),
     });
 
+    // Change the global working directory to the workspace root during startup
+    process.chdir(workspaceRoot);
+
+    // Load environment globally for the server startup
+    const globalEnv = await loadEnvironment(isTrusted ?? false, workspaceRoot);
+    // Only assign safe server-config variables to process.env to prevent credential leakage
+    const allowedServerKeys = [
+      'CODER_AGENT_PORT',
+      'CODER_AGENT_WORKSPACE_PATH',
+      'GCS_BUCKET_NAME',
+      'LOG_LEVEL',
+      'GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS',
+      'GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT',
+      'GEMINI_CLI_USE_COMPUTE_ADC',
+    ];
+    for (const key of allowedServerKeys) {
+      if (globalEnv[key] !== undefined) {
+        process.env[key] = globalEnv[key];
+      }
+    }
+
     const settings = loadSettings(workspaceRoot, isTrusted ?? false);
-    const extensions = loadExtensions(workspaceRoot);
+    const extensions = loadExtensions(workspaceRoot, isTrusted ?? false);
     const config = await loadConfig(
       settings,
       new SimpleExtensionLoader(extensions),
       'a2a-server',
       isTrusted ?? false,
+      workspaceRoot,
     );
 
     let git: GitService | undefined;

packages/a2a-server/src/persistence/gcs.ts

@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ export class GCSTaskStore implements TaskStore {
       }
       const agentSettings = persistedState._agentSettings;
 
-      const workDir = setTargetDir(agentSettings);
+      const workDir = await setTargetDir(agentSettings);
       await fse.ensureDir(workDir);
       const workspaceFile = this.storage
         .bucket(this.bucketName)

packages/a2a-server/src/utils/path_utils.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import * as fs from 'node:fs';
+import * as path from 'node:path';
+import { resolveToRealPath, isSubpath } from '@google/gemini-cli-core';
+
+/**
+ * Validates a workspace path to prevent path traversal attacks.
+ *
+ * @param workspacePath The path to validate.
+ * @param allowedRoot The root directory the path must be within. Defaults to CWD.
+ * @returns The resolved, safe path.
+ * @throws An error if the path is invalid or outside the allowed root.
+ */
+export async function validateWorkspacePath(
+  workspacePath?: string,
+  allowedRoot: string = process.cwd(),
+): Promise<string> {
+  const trimmedPath = workspacePath?.trim();
+  if (!trimmedPath) {
+    return resolveToRealPath(allowedRoot);
+  }
+
+  if (trimmedPath.includes('\0')) {
+    throw new Error('Security violation: Null byte detected in path.');
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const canonicalAllowedRoot = resolveToRealPath(allowedRoot);
+    const resolvedWorkspacePath = path.resolve(
+      canonicalAllowedRoot,
+      trimmedPath,
+    );
+    const canonicalWorkspacePath = resolveToRealPath(resolvedWorkspacePath);
+
+    // Check if the resolved path is within the allowed root directory
+    if (
+      canonicalWorkspacePath !== canonicalAllowedRoot &&
+      !isSubpath(canonicalAllowedRoot, canonicalWorkspacePath)
+    ) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Security violation: The path "${trimmedPath}" is outside the allowed root directory.`,
+      );
+    }
+
+    const stats = await fs.promises.stat(canonicalWorkspacePath);
+    if (!stats.isDirectory()) {
+      throw new Error(`The path "${trimmedPath}" is not a directory.`);
+    }
+
+    return canonicalWorkspacePath;
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof Error && 'code' in e && e.code === 'ENOENT') {
+      throw new Error(`The path "${trimmedPath}" does not exist.`);
+    }
+    throw e; // Re-throw other errors
+  }
+}

packages/cli/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@google/gemini-cli",
-  "version": "0.48.0-nightly.20260609.g3a13b8eeb",
+  "version": "0.52.0-nightly.20260715.gfa975395b",
   "description": "Gemini CLI",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "repository": {
@@ -27,63 +27,63 @@
     "dist"
   ],
   "config": {
-    "sandboxImageUri": "us-docker.pkg.dev/gemini-code-dev/gemini-cli/sandbox:0.48.0-nightly.20260609.g3a13b8eeb"
+    "sandboxImageUri": "us-docker.pkg.dev/gemini-code-dev/gemini-cli/sandbox:0.52.0-nightly.20260715.gfa975395b"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@agentclientprotocol/sdk": "^0.16.1",
+    "@agentclientprotocol/sdk": "0.16.1",
     "@google/gemini-cli-core": "file:../core",
     "@google/genai": "1.30.0",
-    "@iarna/toml": "^2.2.5",
-    "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk": "^1.23.0",
-    "ansi-escapes": "^7.3.0",
-    "ansi-regex": "^6.2.2",
-    "chalk": "^4.1.2",
-    "cli-spinners": "^2.9.2",
-    "clipboardy": "~5.2.0",
-    "color-convert": "^2.0.1",
-    "command-exists": "^1.2.9",
-    "comment-json": "^4.2.5",
-    "diff": "^8.0.3",
-    "dotenv": "^17.1.0",
-    "extract-zip": "^2.0.1",
-    "fzf": "^0.5.2",
-    "glob": "^12.0.0",
-    "highlight.js": "^11.11.1",
+    "@iarna/toml": "2.2.5",
+    "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk": "1.23.0",
+    "ansi-escapes": "7.3.0",
+    "ansi-regex": "6.2.2",
+    "chalk": "4.1.2",
+    "cli-spinners": "2.9.2",
+    "clipboardy": "5.2.0",
+    "color-convert": "2.0.1",
+    "command-exists": "1.2.9",
+    "comment-json": "4.2.5",
+    "diff": "8.0.3",
+    "dotenv": "17.1.0",
+    "extract-zip": "2.0.1",
+    "fzf": "0.5.2",
+    "glob": "12.0.0",
+    "highlight.js": "11.11.1",
     "ink": "npm:@jrichman/ink@6.6.9",
-    "ink-gradient": "^3.0.0",
-    "ink-spinner": "^5.0.0",
-    "latest-version": "^9.0.0",
-    "lowlight": "^3.3.0",
-    "mnemonist": "^0.40.3",
-    "open": "^10.1.2",
-    "prompts": "^2.4.2",
-    "proper-lockfile": "^4.1.2",
-    "react": "^19.2.0",
-    "shell-quote": "^1.8.3",
-    "simple-git": "^3.28.0",
-    "string-width": "^8.1.0",
-    "strip-ansi": "^7.1.0",
-    "strip-json-comments": "^3.1.1",
-    "tar": "^7.5.8",
-    "tinygradient": "^1.1.5",
-    "undici": "^7.10.0",
-    "ws": "^8.16.0",
-    "yargs": "^17.7.2",
-    "zod": "^3.23.8"
+    "ink-gradient": "3.0.0",
+    "ink-spinner": "5.0.0",
+    "latest-version": "9.0.0",
+    "lowlight": "3.3.0",
+    "mnemonist": "0.40.3",
+    "open": "10.1.2",
+    "prompts": "2.4.2",
+    "proper-lockfile": "4.1.2",
+    "react": "19.2.4",
+    "shell-quote": "1.8.3",
+    "simple-git": "3.28.0",
+    "string-width": "8.1.0",
+    "strip-ansi": "7.1.0",
+    "strip-json-comments": "3.1.1",
+    "tar": "7.5.8",
+    "tinygradient": "1.1.5",
+    "undici": "7.10.0",
+    "ws": "8.16.0",
+    "yargs": "17.7.2",
+    "zod": "3.25.76"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@google/gemini-cli-test-utils": "file:../test-utils",
-    "@types/command-exists": "^1.2.3",
-    "@types/hast": "^3.0.4",
-    "@types/node": "^20.11.24",
-    "@types/react": "^19.2.0",
-    "@types/semver": "^7.7.0",
-    "@types/shell-quote": "^1.7.5",
-    "@types/ws": "^8.5.10",
-    "@types/yargs": "^17.0.32",
-    "@xterm/headless": "^5.5.0",
-    "typescript": "^5.3.3",
-    "vitest": "^3.1.1"
+    "@types/command-exists": "1.2.3",
+    "@types/hast": "3.0.4",
+    "@types/node": "20.11.24",
+    "@types/react": "19.2.0",
+    "@types/semver": "7.7.0",
+    "@types/shell-quote": "1.7.5",
+    "@types/ws": "8.5.10",
+    "@types/yargs": "17.0.32",
+    "@xterm/headless": "5.5.0",
+    "typescript": "5.8.3",
+    "vitest": "3.2.4"
   },
   "engines": {
     "node": ">=20"

packages/cli/src/acp/acpSession.test.ts

@@ -278,7 +278,8 @@ describe('Session', () => {
         void,
         unknown
       > {
-        yield* [];
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+        yield* [] as any;
         throw error;
       }
       return errorGen();
@@ -303,7 +304,8 @@ describe('Session', () => {
         void,
         unknown
       > {
-        yield* [];
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+        yield* [] as any;
         throw error;
       }
       return errorGen();
@@ -473,7 +475,8 @@ describe('Session', () => {
         void,
         unknown
       > {
-        yield* [];
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+        yield* [] as any;
         throw customError;
       }
       return errorGen();

packages/cli/src/commands/extensions/examples/mcp-server/package.json

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   "type": "module",
   "main": "example.js",
   "dependencies": {
-    "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk": "^1.23.0",
-    "zod": "^3.22.4"
+    "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk": "1.23.0",
+    "zod": "3.22.4"
   }
 }

packages/cli/src/config/extensions/extensionEnablement.test.ts

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ describe('ExtensionEnablementManager', () => {
     vi.spyOn(fs, 'writeFileSync').mockImplementation(
       (
         path: fs.PathOrFileDescriptor,
-        data: string | ArrayBufferView<ArrayBufferLike>,
+        data: string | NodeJS.ArrayBufferView,
       ) => {
         inMemoryFs[path.toString()] = data.toString(); // Convert ArrayBufferView to string for inMemoryFs
       },

packages/cli/src/config/extensions/update.ts

@@ -156,25 +156,26 @@ export async function updateAllUpdatableExtensions(
   dispatch: (action: ExtensionUpdateAction) => void,
   enableExtensionReloading?: boolean,
 ): Promise<ExtensionUpdateInfo[]> {
-  return (
-    await Promise.all(
-      extensions
-        .filter(
-          (extension) =>
-            extensionsState.get(extension.name)?.status ===
-            ExtensionUpdateState.UPDATE_AVAILABLE,
-        )
-        .map((extension) =>
-          updateExtension(
-            extension,
-            extensionManager,
-            extensionsState.get(extension.name)!.status,
-            dispatch,
-            enableExtensionReloading,
-          ),
+  const results = await Promise.all(
+    extensions
+      .filter(
+        (extension) =>
+          extensionsState.get(extension.name)?.status ===
+          ExtensionUpdateState.UPDATE_AVAILABLE,
+      )
+      .map((extension) =>
+        updateExtension(
+          extension,
+          extensionManager,
+          extensionsState.get(extension.name)!.status,
+          dispatch,
+          enableExtensionReloading,
         ),
-    )
-  ).filter((updateInfo) => !!updateInfo);
+      ),
+  );
+  return results.filter(
+    (updateInfo): updateInfo is ExtensionUpdateInfo => !!updateInfo,
+  );
 }
 
 export interface ExtensionUpdateCheckResult {

packages/cli/src/config/extensions/variables.ts

@@ -52,9 +52,10 @@ export function validateVariables(
 export function hydrateString(str: string, context: VariableContext): string {
   validateVariables(context, VARIABLE_SCHEMA);
   const regex = /\${(.*?)}/g;
-  return str.replace(regex, (match, key) =>
-    context[key] == null ? match : context[key],
-  );
+  return str.replace(regex, (match, key) => {
+    const val = context[key];
+    return val == null ? match : String(val);
+  });
 }
 
 export function recursivelyHydrateStrings<T>(

packages/cli/src/gemini.tsx

@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ export async function main() {
     // Register SessionEnd hook to fire on graceful exit
     // This runs before telemetry shutdown in runExitCleanup()
     registerCleanup(async () => {
-      await config.getHookSystem()?.fireSessionEndEvent(SessionEndReason.Exit);
+      await config?.getHookSystem()?.fireSessionEndEvent(SessionEndReason.Exit);
     });
 
     // Register ConsolePatcher cleanup last to ensure logs from shutdown hooks

packages/cli/src/services/McpPromptLoader.ts

@@ -158,16 +158,15 @@ export class McpPromptLoader implements ICommandLoader {
               return [];
             }
             const indexOfFirstSpace = invocation.raw.indexOf(' ') + 1;
-            let promptInputs =
+            const parsedInputs =
               indexOfFirstSpace === 0
                 ? {}
                 : this.parseArgs(
                     invocation.raw.substring(indexOfFirstSpace),
                     prompt.arguments,
                   );
-            if (promptInputs instanceof Error) {
-              promptInputs = {};
-            }
+            const promptInputs =
+              parsedInputs instanceof Error ? {} : parsedInputs;
 
             const providedArgNames = Object.keys(promptInputs);
             const unusedArguments =

packages/cli/src/test-utils/render.tsx

@@ -706,13 +706,13 @@ export const renderWithProviders = async (
 
   const terminalWidth = width ?? baseState.terminalWidth;
 
-  if (!config) {
-    config = makeFakeConfig({
+  const finalConfig =
+    config ||
+    makeFakeConfig({
       useAlternateBuffer: settings.merged.ui?.useAlternateBuffer,
       showMemoryUsage: settings.merged.ui?.showMemoryUsage,
       accessibility: settings.merged.ui?.accessibility,
     });
-  }
 
   const mainAreaWidth = providedUiState?.mainAreaWidth ?? terminalWidth;
 
@@ -742,21 +742,23 @@ export const renderWithProviders = async (
 
   const wrapWithProviders = (comp: React.ReactElement) => (
     <AppContext.Provider value={appState}>
-      <ConfigContext.Provider value={config}>
+      <ConfigContext.Provider value={finalConfig}>
         <SettingsContext.Provider value={settings}>
           <QuotaContext.Provider value={quotaState}>
             <InputContext.Provider value={inputState}>
               <UIStateContext.Provider value={finalUiState}>
                 <VimModeProvider>
                   <ShellFocusContext.Provider value={shellFocus}>
-                    <SessionStatsProvider sessionId={config.getSessionId()}>
+                    <SessionStatsProvider
+                      sessionId={finalConfig.getSessionId()}
+                    >
                       <StreamingContext.Provider
                         value={finalUiState.streamingState}
                       >
                         <UIActionsContext.Provider value={finalUIActions}>
                           <OverflowProvider>
                             <ToolActionsProvider
-                              config={config}
+                              config={finalConfig}
                               toolCalls={allToolCalls}
                               isExpanded={
                                 toolActions?.isExpanded ??

packages/cli/src/ui/AppContainer.test.tsx

@@ -491,12 +491,12 @@ describe('AppContainer State Management', () => {
     vi.spyOn(mockConfig, 'initialize').mockResolvedValue(undefined);
     vi.spyOn(mockConfig, 'getDebugMode').mockReturnValue(false);
 
-    mockExtensionManager = vi.mockObject({
+    mockExtensionManager = {
       getExtensions: vi.fn().mockReturnValue([]),
       setRequestConsent: vi.fn(),
       setRequestSetting: vi.fn(),
       start: vi.fn(),
-    } as unknown as ExtensionManager);
+    } as unknown as MockedObject<ExtensionManager>;
     vi.spyOn(mockConfig, 'getExtensionLoader').mockReturnValue(
       mockExtensionManager,
     );

packages/cli/src/ui/auth/AuthDialog.tsx

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ export function AuthDialog({
     );
   }
 
-  let defaultAuthType = null;
+  let defaultAuthType: AuthType | null = null;
   const defaultAuthTypeEnv = process.env['GEMINI_DEFAULT_AUTH_TYPE'];
   if (
     defaultAuthTypeEnv &&

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/extensionsCommand.test.ts

@@ -439,7 +439,8 @@ describe('extensionsCommand', () => {
     }
 
     it('should return ExtensionRegistryView custom dialog when experimental.extensionRegistry is true', async () => {
-      mockContext.services.settings.merged.experimental.extensionRegistry = true;
+      mockContext.services.settings.merged.experimental.extensionRegistry =
+        true;
 
       const result = await exploreAction(mockContext, '');
 
@@ -455,7 +456,8 @@ describe('extensionsCommand', () => {
     });
 
     it('should handle onSelect and onClose in ExtensionRegistryView', async () => {
-      mockContext.services.settings.merged.experimental.extensionRegistry = true;
+      mockContext.services.settings.merged.experimental.extensionRegistry =
+        true;
 
       const result = await exploreAction(mockContext, '');
       if (result?.type !== 'custom_dialog') {

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/mcpCommand.ts

@@ -284,7 +284,8 @@ const listAction = async (
     type: MessageType.MCP_STATUS,
     servers: mcpServers,
     tools: mcpTools.map((tool) => ({
-      serverName: tool.serverName,
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion
+      serverName: (tool as unknown as { serverName: string }).serverName,
       name: tool.name,
       description: tool.description,
       schema: tool.schema,

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/restoreCommand.ts

@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@ const HistoryItemSchema = z
   })
   .passthrough();
 
-const ToolCallDataSchema = getToolCallDataSchema(HistoryItemSchema);
+/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion */
+const ToolCallDataSchema = getToolCallDataSchema(
+  HistoryItemSchema as unknown as Parameters<typeof getToolCallDataSchema>[0],
+);
+/* eslint-enable @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion */
 
 async function restoreAction(
   context: CommandContext,

packages/cli/src/ui/commands/setupGithubCommand.ts

@@ -126,10 +126,13 @@ async function downloadFiles({
         const response = await fetch(endpoint, {
           method: 'GET',
           dispatcher: proxy ? new ProxyAgent(proxy) : undefined,
-          signal: AbortSignal.any([
-            AbortSignal.timeout(30_000),
-            abortController.signal,
-          ]),
+          /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion */
+          signal: (
+            AbortSignal as unknown as {
+              any: (signals: AbortSignal[]) => AbortSignal;
+            }
+          ).any([AbortSignal.timeout(30_000), abortController.signal]),
+          /* eslint-enable @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion */
         } as RequestInit);
 
         if (!response.ok) {

packages/cli/src/ui/components/AgentConfigDialog.tsx

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ function setNestedValue(obj: unknown, path: string[], value: unknown): unknown {
     if (current[key] === undefined || current[key] === null) {
       current[key] = {};
     } else if (isRecord(current[key])) {
-      current[key] = { ...current[key] };
+      current[key] = { ...(current[key] as object) };
     }
 
     const next = current[key];

packages/cli/src/ui/hooks/atCommandProcessor.test.ts

@@ -63,8 +63,10 @@ describe('handleAtCommand', () => {
     vi.restoreAllMocks();
     vi.resetAllMocks();
 
-    testRootDir = await fsPromises.mkdtemp(
-      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'folder-structure-test-'),
+    testRootDir = await fsPromises.realpath(
+      await fsPromises.mkdtemp(
+        path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'folder-structure-test-'),
+      ),
     );
 
     abortController = new AbortController();
@@ -1427,7 +1429,8 @@ describe('handleAtCommand', () => {
     const query = `@${filePath}`;
 
     // Simulate user cancellation
-    const mockToolInstance = {
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+    const mockToolInstance: any = {
       buildAndExecute: vi
         .fn()
         .mockRejectedValue(new Error('User cancelled operation')),
@@ -1466,8 +1469,8 @@ describe('handleAtCommand', () => {
   });
 
   it('should resolve files in multiple workspace directories', async () => {
-    const secondRootDir = await fsPromises.mkdtemp(
-      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'second-root-'),
+    const secondRootDir = await fsPromises.realpath(
+      await fsPromises.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'second-root-')),
     );
     try {
       const fileContent = 'Second root content';
@@ -1648,8 +1651,10 @@ describe('checkPermissions', () => {
 
   beforeEach(async () => {
     vi.restoreAllMocks();
-    testRootDir = await fsPromises.mkdtemp(
-      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'check-permissions-test-'),
+    testRootDir = await fsPromises.realpath(
+      await fsPromises.mkdtemp(
+        path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'check-permissions-test-'),
+      ),
     );
 
     mockConfig = {

packages/cli/src/ui/hooks/atCommandProcessor_agents.test.ts

@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ describe('handleAtCommand with Agents', () => {
   beforeEach(async () => {
     vi.resetAllMocks();
 
-    testRootDir = await fsPromises.mkdtemp(
-      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'agent-test-'),
+    testRootDir = await fsPromises.realpath(
+      await fsPromises.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'agent-test-')),
     );
 
     abortController = new AbortController();

packages/cli/src/ui/hooks/usePrivacySettings.test.tsx

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ describe('usePrivacySettings', () => {
     };
   };
 
-  it('should throw error when content generator is not a CodeAssistServer', async () => {
+  it('should report tier unavailable when OAuth is not being used', async () => {
     vi.mocked(getCodeAssistServer).mockReturnValue(undefined);
 
     const { result } = await act(async () => renderPrivacySettingsHook());
@@ -58,7 +58,8 @@ describe('usePrivacySettings', () => {
       expect(result.current.privacyState.isLoading).toBe(false);
     });
 
-    expect(result.current.privacyState.error).toBe('Oauth not being used');
+    expect(result.current.privacyState.isTierUnavailable).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.current.privacyState.error).toBeUndefined();
   });
 
   it('should handle paid tier users correctly', async () => {
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ describe('usePrivacySettings', () => {
     expect(result.current.privacyState.dataCollectionOptIn).toBeUndefined();
   });
 
-  it('should throw error when CodeAssistServer has no projectId', async () => {
+  it('should report tier unavailable when CodeAssistServer has no projectId', async () => {
     vi.mocked(getCodeAssistServer).mockReturnValue({
       userTier: UserTierId.FREE,
     } as unknown as CodeAssistServer);
@@ -90,9 +91,63 @@ describe('usePrivacySettings', () => {
       expect(result.current.privacyState.isLoading).toBe(false);
     });
 
-    expect(result.current.privacyState.error).toBe(
-      'CodeAssist server is missing a project ID',
-    );
+    expect(result.current.privacyState.isTierUnavailable).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.current.privacyState.error).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('should report tier unavailable when the user has no tier', async () => {
+    vi.mocked(getCodeAssistServer).mockReturnValue({
+      projectId: 'test-project-id',
+      userTier: undefined,
+    } as unknown as CodeAssistServer);
+
+    const { result } = await act(async () => renderPrivacySettingsHook());
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(result.current.privacyState.isLoading).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    expect(result.current.privacyState.isTierUnavailable).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.current.privacyState.isFreeTier).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(result.current.privacyState.error).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('should report tier unavailable when the backend reports no current tier', async () => {
+    vi.mocked(getCodeAssistServer).mockReturnValue({
+      projectId: 'test-project-id',
+      userTier: UserTierId.FREE,
+      getCodeAssistGlobalUserSetting: vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockRejectedValue(new Error('User does not have a current tier')),
+    } as unknown as CodeAssistServer);
+
+    const { result } = await act(async () => renderPrivacySettingsHook());
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(result.current.privacyState.isLoading).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    expect(result.current.privacyState.isTierUnavailable).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.current.privacyState.error).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('should surface unexpected errors while loading opt-in settings', async () => {
+    vi.mocked(getCodeAssistServer).mockReturnValue({
+      projectId: 'test-project-id',
+      userTier: UserTierId.FREE,
+      getCodeAssistGlobalUserSetting: vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockRejectedValue(new Error('network unavailable')),
+    } as unknown as CodeAssistServer);
+
+    const { result } = await act(async () => renderPrivacySettingsHook());
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(result.current.privacyState.isLoading).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    expect(result.current.privacyState.error).toBe('network unavailable');
+    expect(result.current.privacyState.isTierUnavailable).toBeUndefined();
   });
 
   it('should update data collection opt-in setting', async () => {

packages/cli/src/ui/hooks/usePrivacySettings.ts

@@ -18,8 +18,22 @@ export interface PrivacyState {
   error?: string;
   isFreeTier?: boolean;
   dataCollectionOptIn?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * True when the signed-in account has no consumer Code Assist tier, so the
+   * data-collection opt-in isn't applicable (e.g. Workspace/enterprise accounts,
+   * or an OAuth login without a Google Cloud project). This is an expected state
+   * rendered as a friendly, actionable notice rather than a raw backend `error`.
+   */
+  isTierUnavailable?: boolean;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Signals that the current account can't be mapped to a consumer Code Assist
+ * tier, so the privacy opt-in can't be shown. Handled by rendering a friendly
+ * notice instead of surfacing a raw backend error.
+ */
+class TierUnavailableError extends Error {}
+
 export const usePrivacySettings = (config: Config) => {
   const [privacyState, setPrivacyState] = useState<PrivacyState>({
     isLoading: true,
@@ -34,7 +48,13 @@ export const usePrivacySettings = (config: Config) => {
         const server = getCodeAssistServerOrFail(config);
         const tier = server.userTier;
         if (tier === undefined) {
-          throw new Error('Could not determine user tier.');
+          // The account has no resolved Code Assist tier (e.g. Workspace or an
+          // incomplete OAuth). Show a friendly notice instead of a raw error.
+          setPrivacyState({
+            isLoading: false,
+            isTierUnavailable: true,
+          });
+          return;
         }
         if (tier !== UserTierId.FREE) {
           // We don't need to fetch opt-out info since non-free tier
@@ -53,6 +73,13 @@ export const usePrivacySettings = (config: Config) => {
           dataCollectionOptIn: optIn,
         });
       } catch (e) {
+        if (isTierUnavailableError(e)) {
+          setPrivacyState({
+            isLoading: false,
+            isTierUnavailable: true,
+          });
+          return;
+        }
         setPrivacyState({
           isLoading: false,
           error: e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e),
@@ -74,6 +101,13 @@ export const usePrivacySettings = (config: Config) => {
           dataCollectionOptIn: updatedOptIn,
         });
       } catch (e) {
+        if (isTierUnavailableError(e)) {
+          setPrivacyState({
+            isLoading: false,
+            isTierUnavailable: true,
+          });
+          return;
+        }
         setPrivacyState({
           isLoading: false,
           error: e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e),
@@ -92,13 +126,30 @@ export const usePrivacySettings = (config: Config) => {
 function getCodeAssistServerOrFail(config: Config): CodeAssistServer {
   const server = getCodeAssistServer(config);
   if (server === undefined) {
-    throw new Error('Oauth not being used');
+    throw new TierUnavailableError('Oauth not being used');
   } else if (server.projectId === undefined) {
-    throw new Error('CodeAssist server is missing a project ID');
+    throw new TierUnavailableError('CodeAssist server is missing a project ID');
   }
   return server;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Determines whether an error means the account simply has no consumer Code
+ * Assist tier, as opposed to an unexpected failure. Covers the local
+ * {@link TierUnavailableError} as well as the Code Assist backend error (e.g.
+ * "User does not have a current tier") returned for Workspace/enterprise
+ * accounts.
+ */
+function isTierUnavailableError(error: unknown): boolean {
+  if (error instanceof TierUnavailableError) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+  // Match the specific Code Assist backend message rather than a broad substring
+  // so an unrelated error that merely mentions "tier" isn't masked as a benign notice.
+  return /does not have a current tier/i.test(message);
+}
+
 async function getRemoteDataCollectionOptIn(
   server: CodeAssistServer,
 ): Promise<boolean> {

packages/cli/src/ui/hooks/useQuotaAndFallback.test.ts

@@ -525,6 +525,102 @@ Your admin might have disabled the access. Contact them to enable the Preview Re
         expect(result.current.proQuotaRequest).toBeNull();
       });
 
+      it('should handle ModelNotFoundError with Vertex AI by displaying region-specific availability message and documentation link', async () => {
+        vi.spyOn(mockConfig, 'getContentGeneratorConfig').mockReturnValue({
+          authType: AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI,
+        });
+        vi.stubEnv('GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION', 'us-central1');
+
+        const { result } = await renderHook(() =>
+          useQuotaAndFallback({
+            config: mockConfig,
+            historyManager: mockHistoryManager,
+            userTier: UserTierId.FREE,
+            setModelSwitchedFromQuotaError: mockSetModelSwitchedFromQuotaError,
+            onShowAuthSelection: mockOnShowAuthSelection,
+            paidTier: null,
+            settings: mockSettings,
+          }),
+        );
+
+        const handler = setFallbackHandlerSpy.mock
+          .calls[0][0] as FallbackModelHandler;
+
+        let promise: Promise<FallbackIntent | null>;
+        const error = new ModelNotFoundError('model not found', 404);
+
+        act(() => {
+          promise = handler('gemini-3.5-flash', 'gemini-1.5-flash', error);
+        });
+
+        const request = result.current.proQuotaRequest;
+        expect(request).not.toBeNull();
+        expect(request?.failedModel).toBe('gemini-3.5-flash');
+        expect(request?.isModelNotFoundError).toBe(true);
+
+        const message = request!.message;
+        expect(message).toBe(
+          `Model "gemini-3.5-flash" is not available in region "us-central1".\n` +
+            `To see which models are available in this region, please visit:\n` +
+            `https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/generative-ai/docs/learn/locations\n` +
+            `/model to switch models.`,
+        );
+
+        act(() => {
+          result.current.handleProQuotaChoice('retry_always');
+        });
+
+        const intent = await promise!;
+        expect(intent).toBe('retry_always');
+      });
+
+      it('should handle ModelNotFoundError with Vertex AI and invalid model by displaying generic not found error message', async () => {
+        vi.spyOn(mockConfig, 'getContentGeneratorConfig').mockReturnValue({
+          authType: AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI,
+        });
+        vi.stubEnv('GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION', 'us-central1');
+
+        const { result } = await renderHook(() =>
+          useQuotaAndFallback({
+            config: mockConfig,
+            historyManager: mockHistoryManager,
+            userTier: UserTierId.FREE,
+            setModelSwitchedFromQuotaError: mockSetModelSwitchedFromQuotaError,
+            onShowAuthSelection: mockOnShowAuthSelection,
+            paidTier: null,
+            settings: mockSettings,
+          }),
+        );
+
+        const handler = setFallbackHandlerSpy.mock
+          .calls[0][0] as FallbackModelHandler;
+
+        let promise: Promise<FallbackIntent | null>;
+        const error = new ModelNotFoundError('model not found', 404);
+
+        act(() => {
+          promise = handler('invalid-model-name', 'gemini-1.5-flash', error);
+        });
+
+        const request = result.current.proQuotaRequest;
+        expect(request).not.toBeNull();
+        expect(request?.failedModel).toBe('invalid-model-name');
+        expect(request?.isModelNotFoundError).toBe(true);
+
+        const message = request!.message;
+        expect(message).toBe(
+          `Model "invalid-model-name" was not found or is invalid.\n` +
+            `/model to switch models.`,
+        );
+
+        act(() => {
+          result.current.handleProQuotaChoice('retry_always');
+        });
+
+        const intent = await promise!;
+        expect(intent).toBe('retry_always');
+      });
+
       it('should handle ModelNotFoundError with invalid model correctly', async () => {
         const { result } = await renderHook(() =>
           useQuotaAndFallback({

packages/cli/src/ui/hooks/useQuotaAndFallback.ts

@@ -135,7 +135,20 @@ export function useQuotaAndFallback({
         message = messageLines.join('\n');
       } else if (error instanceof ModelNotFoundError) {
         isModelNotFoundError = true;
-        if (VALID_GEMINI_MODELS.has(failedModel)) {
+        if (
+          contentGeneratorConfig?.authType === AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI &&
+          VALID_GEMINI_MODELS.has(failedModel)
+        ) {
+          const location =
+            process.env['GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION'] || 'your configured region';
+          const messageLines = [
+            `Model "${failedModel}" is not available in region "${location}".`,
+            `To see which models are available in this region, please visit:`,
+            `https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/generative-ai/docs/learn/locations`,
+            `/model to switch models.`,
+          ];
+          message = messageLines.join('\n');
+        } else if (VALID_GEMINI_MODELS.has(failedModel)) {
           const messageLines = [
             `It seems like you don't have access to ${getDisplayString(failedModel)}.`,
             `Your admin might have disabled the access. Contact them to enable the Preview Release Channel.`,

packages/cli/src/ui/privacy/CloudFreePrivacyNotice.test.tsx

@@ -71,6 +71,11 @@ describe('CloudFreePrivacyNotice', () => {
       mockState: { isFreeTier: false },
       expectedText: 'Gemini Code Assist Privacy Notice',
     },
+    {
+      stateName: 'tier unavailable state',
+      mockState: { isFreeTier: undefined, isTierUnavailable: true },
+      expectedText: 'GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT',
+    },
     {
       stateName: 'free tier state',
       mockState: { isFreeTier: true },
@@ -101,6 +106,11 @@ describe('CloudFreePrivacyNotice', () => {
       mockState: { isFreeTier: false },
       shouldExit: true,
     },
+    {
+      stateName: 'tier unavailable state',
+      mockState: { isFreeTier: undefined, isTierUnavailable: true },
+      shouldExit: true,
+    },
     {
       stateName: 'free tier state (no selection)',
       mockState: { isFreeTier: true },

packages/cli/src/ui/privacy/CloudFreePrivacyNotice.tsx

@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ export const CloudFreePrivacyNotice = ({
   useKeypress(
     (key) => {
       if (
-        (privacyState.error || privacyState.isFreeTier === false) &&
+        (privacyState.error ||
+          privacyState.isFreeTier === false ||
+          privacyState.isTierUnavailable) &&
         key.name === 'escape'
       ) {
         onExit();
@@ -53,6 +55,35 @@ export const CloudFreePrivacyNotice = ({
     );
   }
 
+  if (privacyState.isTierUnavailable) {
+    return (
+      <Box flexDirection="column" marginY={1}>
+        <Text bold color={theme.text.accent}>
+          Gemini Code Assist Privacy Notice
+        </Text>
+        <Newline />
+        <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
+          The data collection opt-in isn&apos;t available for this account
+          because it doesn&apos;t have a Gemini Code Assist for Individuals
+          (free) tier.
+        </Text>
+        <Newline />
+        <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
+          If you&apos;re on a Google Workspace or enterprise account, use the
+          Vertex AI / Google Cloud path instead by setting the
+          GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT environment variable to your Google Cloud
+          project.
+        </Text>
+        <Newline />
+        <Text color={theme.text.primary}>
+          Learn more: https://geminicli.com/docs/get-started/authentication/
+        </Text>
+        <Newline />
+        <Text color={theme.text.secondary}>Press Esc to exit.</Text>
+      </Box>
+    );
+  }
+
   if (privacyState.isFreeTier === false) {
     return (
       <Box flexDirection="column" marginY={1}>

packages/cli/src/utils/envVarResolver.ts

@@ -44,8 +44,11 @@ export function resolveEnvVarsInString(
       if (customEnv && typeof customEnv[varName] === 'string') {
         return customEnv[varName];
       }
-      if (process && process.env && typeof process.env[varName] === 'string') {
-        return process.env[varName];
+      if (process && process.env) {
+        const val = process.env[varName];
+        if (typeof val === 'string') {
+          return val;
+        }
       }
       if (defaultValue !== undefined) {
         return defaultValue;

packages/cli/src/utils/gitUtils.ts

@@ -69,7 +69,13 @@ export const getLatestGitHubRelease = async (
         'X-GitHub-Api-Version': '2022-11-28',
       },
       dispatcher: proxy ? new ProxyAgent(proxy) : undefined,
-      signal: AbortSignal.any([AbortSignal.timeout(30_000), controller.signal]),
+      /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion */
+      signal: (
+        AbortSignal as unknown as {
+          any: (signals: AbortSignal[]) => AbortSignal;
+        }
+      ).any([AbortSignal.timeout(30_000), controller.signal]),
+      /* eslint-enable @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion */
     } as RequestInit);
 
     if (!response.ok) {

packages/cli/src/utils/sandbox-macos-permissive-open.sb

@@ -1,10 +1,74 @@
 (version 1)
 
-;; allow everything by default
-(allow default)
+;; permissive-open: uses (deny default) and explicitly allows the operations the
+;; CLI needs, matching the restrictive-* / strict-* profiles. Keep the allow-list
+;; minimal and reviewed; do not switch to (allow default).
+;;
+;; Keep the non-network rules in sync with sandbox-macos-permissive-proxied.sb:
+;; the two profiles are intentionally identical except for their network rules
+;; ("open" allows broad outbound; "proxied" routes outbound through the proxy).
+(deny default)
 
-;; deny all writes EXCEPT under specific paths
-(deny file-write*)
+;; allow reading files from anywhere on host
+(allow file-read*)
+
+;; allow exec/fork (children inherit this policy, so they stay sandboxed)
+(allow process-exec)
+(allow process-fork)
+
+;; allow signals to self, e.g. SIGPIPE on write to closed pipe
+(allow signal (target self))
+
+;; allow read access to specific information about system
+;; from https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:sandbox/policy/mac/common.sb;l=273-319;drc=7b3962fe2e5fc9e2ee58000dc8fbf3429d84d3bd
+(allow sysctl-read
+    (sysctl-name "hw.activecpu")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.busfrequency_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.byteorder")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.cacheconfig")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.cachelinesize_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.cpufamily")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.cpufrequency_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.cputype")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.l1dcachesize_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.l1icachesize_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.l2cachesize_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.l3cachesize_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.logicalcpu_max")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.machine")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.ncpu")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.nperflevels")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_BF16")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_DotProd")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_FCMA")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_FHM")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_FP16")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_I8MM")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_JSCVT")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_LSE")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_RDM")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_SHA512")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.armv8_2_sha512")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.packages")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.pagesize_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.physicalcpu_max")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.tbfrequency_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.vectorunit")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.hostname")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.maxfilesperproc")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.osproductversion")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.osrelease")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.ostype")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.osvariant_status")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.osversion")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.secure_kernel")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.usrstack64")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.version")
+    (sysctl-name "sysctl.proc_cputype")
+    (sysctl-name-prefix "hw.perflevel")
+)
+
+;; allow writes only to specific paths (deny default already blocks the rest)
 (allow file-write*
     (subpath (param "TARGET_DIR"))
     (subpath (param "TMP_DIR"))
@@ -12,7 +76,6 @@
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.gemini"))
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.npm"))
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.cache"))
-    (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.gitconfig"))
     ;; Allow writes to included directories from --include-directories
     (subpath (param "INCLUDE_DIR_0"))
     (subpath (param "INCLUDE_DIR_1"))
@@ -25,3 +88,48 @@
     (literal "/dev/ptmx")
     (regex #"^/dev/ttys[0-9]*$")
 )
+
+;; allow the mach services normal workflows need under deny-default: sysmond for
+;; process listing (pgrep), plus DNS resolution (mDNSResponder), directory
+;; services (opendirectoryd), and certificate validation (trustd/ocspd).
+;; This set mirrors the deny-default profile in
+;; packages/core/src/sandbox/macos/baseProfile.ts (its NETWORK_SEATBELT_PROFILE),
+;; which restrictive-open reaches only implicitly via (allow network-outbound).
+;; Keep this allow-list minimal and reviewed.
+(allow mach-lookup
+    (global-name "com.apple.sysmond")
+    (global-name "com.apple.system.opendirectoryd.libinfo")
+    (global-name "com.apple.system.opendirectoryd.membership")
+    (global-name "com.apple.bsd.dirhelper")
+    (global-name "com.apple.SecurityServer")
+    (global-name "com.apple.networkd")
+    (global-name "com.apple.ocspd")
+    (global-name "com.apple.trustd")
+    (global-name "com.apple.trustd.agent")
+    (global-name "com.apple.mDNSResponder")
+    (global-name "com.apple.mDNSResponderHelper")
+    (global-name "com.apple.SystemConfiguration.DNSConfiguration")
+    (global-name "com.apple.SystemConfiguration.configd")
+)
+
+;; AF_SYSTEM socket used by the network stack (from baseProfile.ts)
+(allow system-socket
+    (require-all
+        (socket-domain AF_SYSTEM)
+        (socket-protocol 2)
+    )
+)
+
+;; enable terminal access required by ink
+;; fixes setRawMode EPERM failure (at node:tty:81:24)
+(allow file-ioctl (regex #"^/dev/tty.*"))
+
+;; allow inbound network traffic (local dev/test servers, the debugger on :9229,
+;; OAuth localhost callbacks)
+(allow network-inbound (local ip "*:*"))
+
+;; allow binding local ports (dev/test servers, OAuth localhost listeners)
+(allow network-bind (local ip "*:*"))
+
+;; allow all outbound network traffic
+(allow network-outbound)

packages/cli/src/utils/sandbox-macos-permissive-proxied.sb

@@ -1,10 +1,76 @@
 (version 1)
 
-;; allow everything by default
-(allow default)
+;; permissive-proxied: uses (deny default) and explicitly allows the operations
+;; the CLI needs, matching the restrictive-* / strict-* profiles. Keep the
+;; allow-list minimal and reviewed; do not switch to (allow default).
+;;
+;; Keep the non-network rules in sync with sandbox-macos-permissive-open.sb:
+;; the two profiles are intentionally identical except for their network rules
+;; ("open" allows broad outbound; "proxied" routes outbound through the proxy).
+(deny default)
 
-;; deny all writes EXCEPT under specific paths
-(deny file-write*)
+;; allow reading files from anywhere on host
+(allow file-read*)
+
+;; allow exec/fork (children inherit this policy, so they stay sandboxed)
+(allow process-exec)
+(allow process-fork)
+
+;; allow signals to self, e.g. SIGPIPE on write to closed pipe
+(allow signal (target self))
+
+;; allow read access to specific information about system
+;; from https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:sandbox/policy/mac/common.sb;l=273-319;drc=7b3962fe2e5fc9e2ee58000dc8fbf3429d84d3bd
+(allow sysctl-read
+    (sysctl-name "hw.activecpu")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.busfrequency_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.byteorder")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.cacheconfig")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.cachelinesize_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.cpufamily")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.cpufrequency_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.cputype")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.l1dcachesize_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.l1icachesize_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.l2cachesize_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.l3cachesize_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.logicalcpu_max")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.machine")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.ncpu")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.nperflevels")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_BF16")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_DotProd")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_FCMA")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_FHM")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_FP16")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_I8MM")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_JSCVT")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_LSE")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_RDM")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.arm.FEAT_SHA512")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.optional.armv8_2_sha512")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.packages")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.pagesize_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.physicalcpu_max")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.tbfrequency_compat")
+    (sysctl-name "hw.vectorunit")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.hostname")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.maxfilesperproc")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.osproductversion")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.osrelease")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.ostype")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.osvariant_status")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.osversion")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.secure_kernel")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.usrstack64")
+    (sysctl-name "kern.version")
+    (sysctl-name "sysctl.proc_cputype")
+    (sysctl-name-prefix "hw.perflevel")
+)
+
+;; allow writes only to specific paths (deny default already blocks the rest).
+;; Mirrors permissive-open, including /dev/ptmx and the /dev/ttys regex needed
+;; for PTY support under deny default.
 (allow file-write*
     (subpath (param "TARGET_DIR"))
     (subpath (param "TMP_DIR"))
@@ -12,7 +78,6 @@
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.gemini"))
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.npm"))
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.cache"))
-    (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.gitconfig"))
     ;; Allow writes to included directories from --include-directories
     (subpath (param "INCLUDE_DIR_0"))
     (subpath (param "INCLUDE_DIR_1"))
@@ -22,16 +87,52 @@
     (literal "/dev/stdout")
     (literal "/dev/stderr")
     (literal "/dev/null")
+    (literal "/dev/ptmx")
+    (regex #"^/dev/ttys[0-9]*$")
 )
 
-;; deny all inbound network traffic EXCEPT on debugger port
-(deny network-inbound)
+;; allow the mach services normal workflows need under deny-default: sysmond for
+;; process listing (pgrep), plus DNS resolution (mDNSResponder), directory
+;; services (opendirectoryd), and certificate validation (trustd/ocspd).
+;; This set mirrors the deny-default profile in
+;; packages/core/src/sandbox/macos/baseProfile.ts (its NETWORK_SEATBELT_PROFILE),
+;; which restrictive-proxied reaches only implicitly via (allow network-outbound).
+;; Keep this allow-list minimal and reviewed.
+(allow mach-lookup
+    (global-name "com.apple.sysmond")
+    (global-name "com.apple.system.opendirectoryd.libinfo")
+    (global-name "com.apple.system.opendirectoryd.membership")
+    (global-name "com.apple.bsd.dirhelper")
+    (global-name "com.apple.SecurityServer")
+    (global-name "com.apple.networkd")
+    (global-name "com.apple.ocspd")
+    (global-name "com.apple.trustd")
+    (global-name "com.apple.trustd.agent")
+    (global-name "com.apple.mDNSResponder")
+    (global-name "com.apple.mDNSResponderHelper")
+    (global-name "com.apple.SystemConfiguration.DNSConfiguration")
+    (global-name "com.apple.SystemConfiguration.configd")
+)
+
+;; AF_SYSTEM socket used by the network stack (from baseProfile.ts)
+(allow system-socket
+    (require-all
+        (socket-domain AF_SYSTEM)
+        (socket-protocol 2)
+    )
+)
+
+;; enable terminal access required by ink
+;; fixes setRawMode EPERM failure (at node:tty:81:24)
+(allow file-ioctl (regex #"^/dev/tty.*"))
+
+;; allow inbound network traffic on debugger port
 (allow network-inbound (local ip "localhost:9229"))
 
+;; allow binding local ports (dev/test servers, OAuth localhost listeners)
+(allow network-bind (local ip "*:*"))
+
 ;; deny all outbound network traffic EXCEPT through proxy on localhost:8877
 ;; set `GEMINI_SANDBOX_PROXY_COMMAND=<command>` to run proxy alongside sandbox
 ;; proxy must listen on :::8877 (see docs/examples/proxy-script.md)
-(deny network-outbound)
 (allow network-outbound (remote tcp "localhost:8877"))
-
-(allow network-bind (local ip "*:*"))

packages/cli/src/utils/sandbox-macos-profiles.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import path from 'node:path';
+
+const utilsDir = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+/**
+ * Strip SBPL comments (`; ...` to end of line) so assertions run against the
+ * actual sandbox rules rather than any keywords that happen to appear in the
+ * explanatory comments.
+ */
+function readRules(profile: string): string {
+  return readFileSync(path.join(utilsDir, profile), 'utf8')
+    .split('\n')
+    .map((line) => {
+      const commentStart = line.indexOf(';');
+      return commentStart === -1 ? line : line.slice(0, commentStart);
+    })
+    .join('\n');
+}
+
+const PERMISSIVE_PROFILES = [
+  'sandbox-macos-permissive-open.sb',
+  'sandbox-macos-permissive-proxied.sb',
+];
+
+// These two profiles are the default macOS Seatbelt profiles, so the invariants
+// below must never silently regress. Keep them deny-default and confirm the
+// reviewed allow-list stays in place.
+describe('macOS permissive Seatbelt profiles', () => {
+  describe.each(PERMISSIVE_PROFILES)('%s', (profile) => {
+    const rules = readRules(profile);
+
+    it('uses a deny-default foundation', () => {
+      expect(rules).toContain('(deny default)');
+    });
+
+    it('does not use an allow-default foundation', () => {
+      expect(rules).not.toContain('(allow default)');
+    });
+
+    it('does not permit filesystem (un)mounts', () => {
+      expect(rules).not.toMatch(/file-mount/);
+      expect(rules).not.toMatch(/file-unmount/);
+    });
+
+    it('does not grant broad service lookups', () => {
+      expect(rules).not.toMatch(/launchd/);
+      expect(rules).not.toMatch(/launchservices/i);
+    });
+
+    it('allows binding local ports for dev/test servers', () => {
+      expect(rules).toContain('(allow network-bind (local ip "*:*"))');
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('permissive-open keeps broad inbound and outbound network', () => {
+    const rules = readRules('sandbox-macos-permissive-open.sb');
+    expect(rules).toContain('(allow network-inbound (local ip "*:*"))');
+    expect(rules).toMatch(/\(allow network-outbound\)/);
+  });
+
+  it('permissive-proxied confines outbound to the proxy', () => {
+    const rules = readRules('sandbox-macos-permissive-proxied.sb');
+    expect(rules).toContain(
+      '(allow network-outbound (remote tcp "localhost:8877"))',
+    );
+    // Proxied mode must never grant unrestricted outbound network.
+    expect(rules).not.toMatch(/\(allow network-outbound\)/);
+  });
+});

packages/cli/src/utils/sandbox-macos-restrictive-open.sb

@@ -70,7 +70,6 @@
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.gemini"))
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.npm"))
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.cache"))
-    (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.gitconfig"))
     ;; Allow writes to included directories from --include-directories
     (subpath (param "INCLUDE_DIR_0"))
     (subpath (param "INCLUDE_DIR_1"))

packages/cli/src/utils/sandbox-macos-restrictive-proxied.sb

@@ -70,7 +70,6 @@
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.gemini"))
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.npm"))
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.cache"))
-    (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.gitconfig"))
     ;; Allow writes to included directories from --include-directories
     (subpath (param "INCLUDE_DIR_0"))
     (subpath (param "INCLUDE_DIR_1"))

packages/cli/src/utils/sandbox-macos-strict-open.sb

@@ -105,7 +105,6 @@
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.gemini"))
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.npm"))
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.cache"))
-    (literal (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.gitconfig"))
     ;; Allow writes to included directories from --include-directories
     (subpath (param "INCLUDE_DIR_0"))
     (subpath (param "INCLUDE_DIR_1"))

packages/cli/src/utils/sandbox-macos-strict-proxied.sb

@@ -105,7 +105,6 @@
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.gemini"))
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.npm"))
     (subpath (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.cache"))
-    (literal (string-append (param "HOME_DIR") "/.gitconfig"))
     ;; Allow writes to included directories from --include-directories
     (subpath (param "INCLUDE_DIR_0"))
     (subpath (param "INCLUDE_DIR_1"))

packages/cli/src/utils/sandbox.ts

@@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ export async function start_sandbox(
     });
 
     return await new Promise<number>((resolve, reject) => {
-      sandboxProcess.on('error', (err) => {
+      sandboxProcess?.on('error', (err) => {
         coreEvents.emitFeedback('error', 'Sandbox process error', err);
         reject(err);
       });

packages/core/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@google/gemini-cli-core",
-  "version": "0.48.0-nightly.20260609.g3a13b8eeb",
+  "version": "0.52.0-nightly.20260715.gfa975395b",
   "description": "Gemini CLI Core",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "repository": {
@@ -24,95 +24,95 @@
   ],
   "dependencies": {
     "@a2a-js/sdk": "0.3.11",
-    "@bufbuild/protobuf": "^2.11.0",
-    "@google-cloud/logging": "^11.2.1",
-    "@google-cloud/opentelemetry-cloud-monitoring-exporter": "^0.21.0",
-    "@google-cloud/opentelemetry-cloud-trace-exporter": "^3.0.0",
+    "@bufbuild/protobuf": "2.11.0",
+    "@google-cloud/logging": "11.2.1",
+    "@google-cloud/opentelemetry-cloud-monitoring-exporter": "0.21.0",
+    "@google-cloud/opentelemetry-cloud-trace-exporter": "3.0.0",
     "@google/genai": "1.30.0",
-    "@grpc/grpc-js": "^1.14.3",
-    "@iarna/toml": "^2.2.5",
-    "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk": "^1.23.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/api-logs": "^0.218.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/core": "^2.7.1",
-    "@opentelemetry/exporter-logs-otlp-grpc": "^0.218.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/exporter-logs-otlp-http": "^0.218.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/exporter-metrics-otlp-grpc": "^0.218.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/exporter-metrics-otlp-http": "^0.218.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-grpc": "^0.218.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http": "^0.218.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/instrumentation-http": "^0.218.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/otlp-exporter-base": "^0.218.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/resources": "^2.7.1",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs": "^0.218.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics": "^2.7.1",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-node": "^0.218.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "^2.7.1",
-    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node": "^2.7.1",
-    "@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions": "^1.39.0",
-    "@types/html-to-text": "^9.0.4",
+    "@grpc/grpc-js": "1.14.3",
+    "@iarna/toml": "2.2.5",
+    "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk": "1.23.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/api": "1.9.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/api-logs": "0.218.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/core": "2.7.1",
+    "@opentelemetry/exporter-logs-otlp-grpc": "0.218.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/exporter-logs-otlp-http": "0.218.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/exporter-metrics-otlp-grpc": "0.218.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/exporter-metrics-otlp-http": "0.218.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-grpc": "0.218.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http": "0.218.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/instrumentation-http": "0.218.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/otlp-exporter-base": "0.218.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/resources": "2.7.1",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs": "0.218.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics": "2.7.1",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-node": "0.218.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "2.7.1",
+    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node": "2.7.1",
+    "@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions": "1.39.0",
+    "@types/html-to-text": "9.0.4",
     "@xterm/headless": "5.5.0",
-    "ajv": "^8.17.1",
-    "ajv-formats": "^3.0.0",
-    "chokidar": "^5.0.0",
-    "command-exists": "^1.2.9",
-    "diff": "^8.0.3",
-    "dotenv": "^17.2.4",
-    "dotenv-expand": "^12.0.3",
-    "execa": "^9.6.1",
-    "fast-levenshtein": "^2.0.6",
-    "fdir": "^6.4.6",
-    "fzf": "^0.5.2",
-    "glob": "^12.0.0",
-    "google-auth-library": "^9.11.0",
-    "html-to-text": "^9.0.5",
-    "http-proxy-agent": "^7.0.2",
-    "https-proxy-agent": "^7.0.6",
-    "ignore": "^7.0.0",
-    "ipaddr.js": "^1.9.1",
-    "isbinaryfile": "^5.0.7",
-    "js-yaml": "^4.1.1",
-    "json-stable-stringify": "^1.3.0",
-    "marked": "^15.0.12",
+    "ajv": "8.17.1",
+    "ajv-formats": "3.0.1",
+    "chokidar": "5.0.0",
+    "command-exists": "1.2.9",
+    "diff": "8.0.3",
+    "dotenv": "17.2.4",
+    "dotenv-expand": "12.0.3",
+    "execa": "9.6.1",
+    "fast-levenshtein": "2.0.6",
+    "fdir": "6.4.6",
+    "fzf": "0.5.2",
+    "glob": "12.0.0",
+    "google-auth-library": "10.9.0",
+    "html-to-text": "9.0.5",
+    "http-proxy-agent": "7.0.2",
+    "https-proxy-agent": "7.0.6",
+    "ignore": "7.0.0",
+    "ipaddr.js": "1.9.1",
+    "isbinaryfile": "5.0.7",
+    "js-yaml": "4.1.1",
+    "json-stable-stringify": "1.3.0",
+    "marked": "15.0.12",
     "mime": "4.0.7",
-    "mnemonist": "^0.40.3",
-    "open": "^10.1.2",
-    "picomatch": "^4.0.1",
-    "proper-lockfile": "^4.1.2",
-    "puppeteer-core": "^24.0.0",
-    "read-package-up": "^11.0.0",
-    "shell-quote": "^1.8.3",
-    "simple-git": "^3.28.0",
-    "strip-ansi": "^7.1.0",
-    "strip-json-comments": "^3.1.1",
-    "systeminformation": "^5.25.11",
-    "tree-sitter-bash": "^0.25.0",
-    "undici": "^7.10.0",
-    "uuid": "^13.0.0",
-    "web-tree-sitter": "^0.25.10",
-    "zod": "^3.25.76",
-    "zod-to-json-schema": "^3.25.1"
+    "mnemonist": "0.40.3",
+    "open": "10.1.2",
+    "picomatch": "4.0.1",
+    "proper-lockfile": "4.1.2",
+    "puppeteer-core": "24.0.0",
+    "read-package-up": "11.0.0",
+    "shell-quote": "1.8.3",
+    "simple-git": "3.28.0",
+    "strip-ansi": "7.1.0",
+    "strip-json-comments": "3.1.1",
+    "systeminformation": "5.25.11",
+    "tree-sitter-bash": "0.25.0",
+    "undici": "7.10.0",
+    "uuid": "13.0.0",
+    "web-tree-sitter": "0.25.10",
+    "zod": "3.25.76",
+    "zod-to-json-schema": "3.25.1"
   },
   "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@github/keytar": "^7.10.6",
+    "@github/keytar": "7.10.6",
     "@lydell/node-pty": "1.1.0",
     "@lydell/node-pty-darwin-arm64": "1.1.0",
     "@lydell/node-pty-darwin-x64": "1.1.0",
     "@lydell/node-pty-linux-x64": "1.1.0",
     "@lydell/node-pty-win32-arm64": "1.1.0",
     "@lydell/node-pty-win32-x64": "1.1.0",
-    "node-pty": "^1.0.0"
+    "node-pty": "1.0.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@google/gemini-cli-test-utils": "file:../test-utils",
-    "@types/fast-levenshtein": "^0.0.4",
-    "@types/js-yaml": "^4.0.9",
-    "@types/json-stable-stringify": "^1.1.0",
-    "@types/picomatch": "^4.0.1",
-    "chrome-devtools-mcp": "^0.19.0",
-    "msw": "^2.3.4",
-    "typescript": "^5.3.3",
-    "vitest": "^3.1.1"
+    "@types/fast-levenshtein": "0.0.4",
+    "@types/js-yaml": "4.0.9",
+    "@types/json-stable-stringify": "1.1.0",
+    "@types/picomatch": "4.0.1",
+    "chrome-devtools-mcp": "0.19.0",
+    "msw": "2.3.4",
+    "typescript": "5.8.3",
+    "vitest": "3.2.4"
   },
   "engines": {
     "node": ">=20"

packages/core/src/agents/auth-provider/api-key-provider.ts

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ const DEFAULT_HEADER_NAME = 'X-API-Key';
  * - A shell command (!command)
  */
 export class ApiKeyAuthProvider extends BaseA2AAuthProvider {
-  readonly type = 'apiKey' as const;
+  readonly type = 'apiKey';
 
   private resolvedKey: string | undefined;
   private readonly headerName: string;

packages/core/src/agents/auth-provider/google-credentials-provider.ts

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ const ALLOWED_HOSTS = [/^.+\.googleapis\.com$/, CLOUD_RUN_HOST_REGEX];
  * based on the target endpoint URL.
  */
 export class GoogleCredentialsAuthProvider extends BaseA2AAuthProvider {
-  readonly type = 'google-credentials' as const;
+  readonly type = 'google-credentials';
 
   private readonly auth: GoogleAuth;
   private readonly useIdToken: boolean = false;

packages/core/src/agents/auth-provider/http-provider.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import { debugLogger } from '../../utils/debugLogger.js';
  * Supports Bearer, Basic, and any IANA-registered scheme via raw value.
  */
 export class HttpAuthProvider extends BaseA2AAuthProvider {
-  readonly type = 'http' as const;
+  readonly type = 'http';
 
   private resolvedToken?: string;
   private resolvedUsername?: string;

packages/core/src/agents/auth-provider/oauth2-provider.ts

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import { Storage } from '../../config/storage.js';
  * and persists tokens via `MCPOAuthTokenStorage`.
  */
 export class OAuth2AuthProvider extends BaseA2AAuthProvider {
-  readonly type = 'oauth2' as const;
+  readonly type = 'oauth2';
 
   private readonly tokenStorage: MCPOAuthTokenStorage;
   private cachedToken: OAuthToken | null = null;

packages/core/src/agents/local-executor.ts

@@ -470,10 +470,13 @@ export class LocalAgentExecutor<TOutput extends z.ZodTypeAny> {
       };
 
       // We monitor both the external signal and our new grace period timeout
-      const combinedSignal = AbortSignal.any([
-        externalSignal,
-        graceTimeoutController.signal,
-      ]);
+      /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion */
+      const combinedSignal = (
+        AbortSignal as unknown as {
+          any: (signals: AbortSignal[]) => AbortSignal;
+        }
+      ).any([externalSignal, graceTimeoutController.signal]);
+      /* eslint-enable @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion */
 
       const turnResult = await this.executeTurn(
         chat,
@@ -593,7 +596,11 @@ export class LocalAgentExecutor<TOutput extends z.ZodTypeAny> {
     };
 
     // Combine the external signal with the internal timeout signal.
-    const combinedSignal = AbortSignal.any([signal, deadlineTimer.signal]);
+    /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion */
+    const combinedSignal = (
+      AbortSignal as unknown as { any: (signals: AbortSignal[]) => AbortSignal }
+    ).any([signal, deadlineTimer.signal]);
+    /* eslint-enable @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion */
 
     logAgentStart(
       this.context.config,

packages/core/src/code_assist/oauth2.test.ts

@@ -680,6 +680,64 @@ describe('oauth2', () => {
         expect(mockFromJSON).toHaveBeenCalledWith(byoidCredentials);
         expect(client).toBe(mockExternalAccountClient);
       });
+
+      it('should fall back to GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS if default cached credentials are invalid or expired', async () => {
+        // Setup default cached credentials that are expired/invalid
+        const defaultCreds = { refresh_token: 'expired-token' };
+        const defaultCredsPath = path.join(
+          tempHomeDir,
+          GEMINI_DIR,
+          'oauth_creds.json',
+        );
+        await fs.promises.mkdir(path.dirname(defaultCredsPath), {
+          recursive: true,
+        });
+        await fs.promises.writeFile(
+          defaultCredsPath,
+          JSON.stringify(defaultCreds),
+        );
+
+        // Setup valid fallback credentials via environment variable
+        const envCreds = { refresh_token: 'valid-env-token' };
+        const envCredsPath = path.join(tempHomeDir, 'env_creds.json');
+        await fs.promises.writeFile(envCredsPath, JSON.stringify(envCreds));
+        vi.stubEnv('GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS', envCredsPath);
+
+        let currentCredentials: Credentials | null = null;
+        const mockClient = {
+          setCredentials: vi.fn((creds) => {
+            currentCredentials = creds as Credentials;
+          }),
+          getAccessToken: vi.fn(async () => {
+            if (
+              currentCredentials &&
+              currentCredentials.refresh_token === 'expired-token'
+            ) {
+              throw new Error('Token is expired or revoked');
+            }
+            return { token: 'valid-token' };
+          }),
+          getTokenInfo: vi.fn(async (_token) => {
+            if (
+              currentCredentials &&
+              currentCredentials.refresh_token === 'expired-token'
+            ) {
+              throw new Error('Token is expired or revoked');
+            }
+            return {};
+          }),
+          on: vi.fn(),
+        };
+
+        vi.mocked(OAuth2Client).mockImplementation(
+          () => mockClient as unknown as OAuth2Client,
+        );
+
+        await getOauthClient(AuthType.LOGIN_WITH_GOOGLE, mockConfig);
+
+        // Assert that fallback envCreds were eventually loaded and used
+        expect(mockClient.setCredentials).toHaveBeenCalledWith(envCreds);
+      });
     });
 
     describe('with GCP environment variables', () => {

packages/core/src/code_assist/oauth2.ts

@@ -113,46 +113,52 @@ function getUseEncryptedStorageFlag() {
   return process.env[FORCE_ENCRYPTED_FILE_ENV_VAR] === 'true';
 }
 
+/**
+ * Determines whether the given credentials object represents ADC credentials.
+ */
+function isAdcCredentials(
+  credentials: unknown,
+): credentials is JWTInput & { type: string } {
+  if (credentials && typeof credentials === 'object' && 'type' in credentials) {
+    const type = credentials.type;
+    return typeof type === 'string' && type !== 'authorized_user';
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
 async function initOauthClient(
   authType: AuthType,
   config: Config,
 ): Promise<AuthClient> {
-  const credentials = await fetchCachedCredentials();
+  function createBaseOAuth2Client(): OAuth2Client {
+    const client = new OAuth2Client({
+      clientId: OAUTH_CLIENT_ID,
+      clientSecret: OAUTH_CLIENT_SECRET,
+      transporterOptions: {
+        proxy: config.getProxy(),
+      },
+    });
+    const useEncryptedStorage = getUseEncryptedStorageFlag();
 
-  if (
-    credentials &&
-    typeof credentials === 'object' &&
-    'type' in credentials &&
-    (credentials.type === 'external_account_authorized_user' ||
-      credentials.type === 'service_account')
-  ) {
-    const auth = new GoogleAuth({
-      scopes: OAUTH_SCOPE,
+    client.on('tokens', async (tokens: Credentials) => {
+      if (useEncryptedStorage) {
+        await OAuthCredentialStorage.saveCredentials(tokens);
+      } else {
+        await cacheCredentials(tokens);
+      }
+
+      await triggerPostAuthCallbacks(tokens);
     });
-    const byoidClient = auth.fromJSON({
-      ...credentials,
-      refresh_token: credentials.refresh_token ?? undefined,
-    });
-    const token = await byoidClient.getAccessToken();
-    if (token) {
-      debugLogger.debug(`Created ${credentials.type} auth client.`);
-      return byoidClient;
-    }
+
+    return client;
   }
 
-  const client = new OAuth2Client({
-    clientId: OAUTH_CLIENT_ID,
-    clientSecret: OAUTH_CLIENT_SECRET,
-    transporterOptions: {
-      proxy: config.getProxy(),
-    },
-  });
-  const useEncryptedStorage = getUseEncryptedStorageFlag();
-
+  // 1. Try GOOGLE_CLOUD_ACCESS_TOKEN override first if configured
   if (
     process.env['GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_GCA'] &&
     process.env['GOOGLE_CLOUD_ACCESS_TOKEN']
   ) {
+    const client = createBaseOAuth2Client();
     client.setCredentials({
       access_token: process.env['GOOGLE_CLOUD_ACCESS_TOKEN'],
     });
@@ -160,49 +166,70 @@ async function initOauthClient(
     return client;
   }
 
-  client.on('tokens', async (tokens: Credentials) => {
-    if (useEncryptedStorage) {
-      await OAuthCredentialStorage.saveCredentials(tokens);
-    } else {
-      await cacheCredentials(tokens);
-    }
+  const credentialsList = await fetchCachedCredentialsList();
 
-    await triggerPostAuthCallbacks(tokens);
-  });
-
-  if (credentials) {
-    client.setCredentials(credentials as Credentials);
-    try {
-      // This will verify locally that the credentials look good.
-      const { token } = await client.getAccessToken();
-      if (token) {
-        // This will check with the server to see if it hasn't been revoked.
-        await client.getTokenInfo(token);
-
-        if (!userAccountManager.getCachedGoogleAccount()) {
-          try {
-            await fetchAndCacheUserInfo(client);
-          } catch (error) {
-            // Non-fatal, continue with existing auth.
-            debugLogger.warn(
-              'Failed to fetch user info:',
-              getErrorMessage(error),
-            );
-          }
+  // 2. Iterate sequentially over the credentials list in their natural priority order
+  for (const credentials of credentialsList) {
+    if (isAdcCredentials(credentials)) {
+      try {
+        const auth = new GoogleAuth({
+          scopes: OAUTH_SCOPE,
+        });
+        const adcClient = auth.fromJSON({
+          ...credentials,
+          refresh_token: credentials.refresh_token ?? undefined,
+        });
+        const response = await adcClient.getAccessToken();
+        const token = response.token ?? null;
+        if (token) {
+          debugLogger.debug('Created ' + credentials.type + ' auth client.');
+          return adcClient;
         }
-        debugLogger.log('Loaded cached credentials.');
-        await triggerPostAuthCallbacks(credentials as Credentials);
-
-        return client;
+      } catch (error) {
+        debugLogger.debug(
+          'ADC credentials verification failed:',
+          getErrorMessage(error),
+        );
+      }
+    } else if (credentials) {
+      const client = createBaseOAuth2Client();
+      client.setCredentials(credentials as Credentials);
+      try {
+        // This will verify locally that the credentials look good.
+        const { token } = await client.getAccessToken();
+        if (token) {
+          // This will check with the server to see if it hasn't been revoked.
+          await client.getTokenInfo(token);
+
+          if (!userAccountManager.getCachedGoogleAccount()) {
+            try {
+              await fetchAndCacheUserInfo(client);
+            } catch (error) {
+              // Non-fatal, continue with existing auth.
+              debugLogger.warn(
+                'Failed to fetch user info:',
+                getErrorMessage(error),
+              );
+            }
+          }
+          debugLogger.log('Loaded cached credentials.');
+          await triggerPostAuthCallbacks(
+            client.credentials || (credentials as Credentials),
+          );
+
+          return client;
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        debugLogger.debug(
+          'Cached credentials are not valid:',
+          getErrorMessage(error),
+        );
       }
-    } catch (error) {
-      debugLogger.debug(
-        `Cached credentials are not valid:`,
-        getErrorMessage(error),
-      );
     }
   }
 
+  const client = createBaseOAuth2Client();
+
   // In Google Compute Engine based environments (including Cloud Shell), we can
   // use Application Default Credentials (ADC) provided via its metadata server
   // to authenticate non-interactively using the identity of the logged-in user.
@@ -663,16 +690,27 @@ export function getAvailablePort(): Promise<number> {
   });
 }
 
-async function fetchCachedCredentials(): Promise<
-  Credentials | JWTInput | null
+async function fetchCachedCredentialsList(): Promise<
+  Array<Credentials | JWTInput>
 > {
+  const credentialsList: Array<Credentials | JWTInput> = [];
   const useEncryptedStorage = getUseEncryptedStorageFlag();
   if (useEncryptedStorage) {
-    return OAuthCredentialStorage.loadCredentials();
+    try {
+      const creds = await OAuthCredentialStorage.loadCredentials();
+      if (creds) {
+        credentialsList.push(creds);
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      debugLogger.debug(
+        'Failed to load credentials from encrypted storage:',
+        error,
+      );
+    }
   }
 
   const pathsToTry = [
-    Storage.getOAuthCredsPath(),
+    ...(!useEncryptedStorage ? [Storage.getOAuthCredsPath()] : []),
     process.env['GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS'],
   ].filter((p): p is string => !!p);
 
@@ -683,9 +721,10 @@ async function fetchCachedCredentials(): Promise<
       const isOAuthCreds = (val: unknown): val is Credentials | JWTInput =>
         typeof val === 'object' && val !== null;
       if (isOAuthCreds(parsed)) {
-        return parsed;
+        credentialsList.push(parsed);
+      } else {
+        throw new Error('Invalid credentials format');
       }
-      throw new Error('Invalid credentials format');
     } catch (error) {
       // Log specific error for debugging, but continue trying other paths
       debugLogger.debug(
@@ -695,7 +734,7 @@ async function fetchCachedCredentials(): Promise<
     }
   }
 
-  return null;
+  return credentialsList;
 }
 
 export function clearOauthClientCache() {

packages/core/src/config/config.ts

@@ -678,6 +678,7 @@ export interface ConfigParameters {
   truncateToolOutputThreshold?: number;
   eventEmitter?: EventEmitter;
   useWriteTodos?: boolean;
+  env?: Record<string, string>;
   workspacePoliciesDir?: string;
   policyEngineConfig?: PolicyEngineConfig;
   directWebFetch?: boolean;
@@ -896,6 +897,7 @@ export class Config implements McpContext, AgentLoopContext {
   private readonly useTerminalBuffer: boolean;
   private readonly useRenderProcess: boolean;
   private shellExecutionConfig: ShellExecutionConfig;
+  readonly env?: Record<string, string>;
   private readonly extensionManagement: boolean = true;
   private readonly extensionRegistryURI: string | undefined;
   private readonly truncateToolOutputThreshold: number;
@@ -1119,6 +1121,7 @@ export class Config implements McpContext, AgentLoopContext {
     this.checkpointing = params.checkpointing ?? false;
     this.proxy = params.proxy;
     this.cwd = params.cwd ?? process.cwd();
+    this.env = params.env;
     this.fileDiscoveryService = params.fileDiscoveryService ?? null;
     this.bugCommand = params.bugCommand;
     this.model = params.model;

packages/core/src/context/agentHistoryProvider.test.ts

@@ -135,6 +135,29 @@ describe('AgentHistoryProvider', () => {
     );
   });
 
+  it('should use unambiguous label in fallback summary to avoid LLM confusion', async () => {
+    providerConfig.maxTokens = 60000;
+    providerConfig.retainedTokens = 60000;
+    vi.spyOn(config, 'getContextManagementConfig').mockReturnValue({
+      enabled: true,
+    } as unknown as ContextManagementConfig);
+    vi.mocked(estimateTokenCountSync).mockImplementation(
+      (parts: Part[]) => parts.length * 4000,
+    );
+    generateContentMock.mockRejectedValue(new Error('API Error'));
+
+    const history = createMockHistory(35);
+    const result = await provider.manageHistory(history);
+
+    expect(generateContentMock).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(result.length).toBe(15);
+    // The fallback summary should use clear and unambiguous phrasing
+    expect(result[0].parts![0].text).toContain(
+      'Previous User Intent (Truncated):',
+    );
+    expect(result[0].parts![0].text).not.toContain('Last User Intent:');
+  });
+
   it('should pass the contextual bridge to the summarizer', async () => {
     vi.spyOn(config, 'getContextManagementConfig').mockReturnValue({
       enabled: true,

packages/core/src/context/agentHistoryProvider.ts

@@ -267,7 +267,9 @@ export class AgentHistoryProvider {
     ];
 
     if (lastUserText) {
-      summaryParts.push(`- **Last User Intent:** "${lastUserText}"`);
+      summaryParts.push(
+        `- **Previous User Intent (Truncated):** "${lastUserText}"`,
+      );
     }
 
     if (actionPath) {

packages/core/src/core/contentGenerator.test.ts

@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ describe('createContentGenerator', () => {
     resetVersionCache();
     vi.clearAllMocks();
     vi.stubEnv('ANTIGRAVITY_CLI_ALIAS', '');
+    vi.stubEnv('GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION', '');
   });
 
   afterEach(() => {
@@ -483,6 +484,82 @@ describe('createContentGenerator', () => {
     );
   });
 
+  it('should use US REP endpoint for Vertex AI when location is us and no baseUrl is provided', async () => {
+    const mockConfig = {
+      getModel: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('gemini-pro'),
+      getProxy: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(undefined),
+      getUsageStatisticsEnabled: () => false,
+      getClientName: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(undefined),
+    } as unknown as Config;
+
+    const mockGenerator = {
+      models: {},
+    } as unknown as GoogleGenAI;
+    vi.mocked(GoogleGenAI).mockImplementation(() => mockGenerator as never);
+
+    vi.stubEnv('GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION', 'us');
+
+    await createContentGenerator(
+      {
+        apiKey: 'test-api-key',
+        vertexai: true,
+        authType: AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI,
+      },
+      mockConfig,
+    );
+
+    expect(GoogleGenAI).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        googleAuthOptions: expect.objectContaining({
+          clientOptions: expect.objectContaining({
+            apiEndpoint: 'https://aiplatform.us.rep.googleapis.com',
+          }),
+        }),
+        httpOptions: expect.objectContaining({
+          baseUrl: 'https://aiplatform.us.rep.googleapis.com',
+        }),
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should use EU REP endpoint for Vertex AI when location is eu and no baseUrl is provided', async () => {
+    const mockConfig = {
+      getModel: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('gemini-pro'),
+      getProxy: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(undefined),
+      getUsageStatisticsEnabled: () => false,
+      getClientName: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(undefined),
+    } as unknown as Config;
+
+    const mockGenerator = {
+      models: {},
+    } as unknown as GoogleGenAI;
+    vi.mocked(GoogleGenAI).mockImplementation(() => mockGenerator as never);
+
+    vi.stubEnv('GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION', 'eu');
+
+    await createContentGenerator(
+      {
+        apiKey: 'test-api-key',
+        vertexai: true,
+        authType: AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI,
+      },
+      mockConfig,
+    );
+
+    expect(GoogleGenAI).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        googleAuthOptions: expect.objectContaining({
+          clientOptions: expect.objectContaining({
+            apiEndpoint: 'https://aiplatform.eu.rep.googleapis.com',
+          }),
+        }),
+        httpOptions: expect.objectContaining({
+          baseUrl: 'https://aiplatform.eu.rep.googleapis.com',
+        }),
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
   it('should inject HttpsProxyAgent into googleAuthOptions when proxy URL uses https://', async () => {
     const mockConfigWithProxy = {
       getModel: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('gemini-pro'),

packages/core/src/core/contentGenerator.ts

@@ -121,6 +121,15 @@ const VERTEX_AI_REQUEST_TYPE_HEADER = 'X-Vertex-AI-LLM-Request-Type';
 const VERTEX_AI_SHARED_REQUEST_TYPE_HEADER =
   'X-Vertex-AI-LLM-Shared-Request-Type';
 
+/**
+ * Vertex AI Representative Endpoints (REP) for US and EU multi-regions.
+ * These are used as a workaround for the client dynamically
+ * constructing default legacy hostnames (e.g., 'us-aiplatform.googleapis.com')
+ * instead of routing to the official REP endpoints.
+ */
+const VERTEX_AI_US_REP_ENDPOINT = 'https://aiplatform.us.rep.googleapis.com';
+const VERTEX_AI_EU_REP_ENDPOINT = 'https://aiplatform.eu.rep.googleapis.com';
+
 function validateBaseUrl(baseUrl: string): void {
   try {
     new URL(baseUrl);
@@ -145,6 +154,13 @@ export async function createContentGeneratorConfig(
     vertexAiRouting,
   };
 
+  const getEnv = (key: string) => {
+    if (config?.env && config.env[key] !== undefined) {
+      return config.env[key];
+    }
+    return process.env[key];
+  };
+
   // If we are using Google auth or we are in Cloud Shell, there is nothing else to validate for now.
   // Return before touching the API-key keychain: on Linux without a Secret Service
   // (WSL/SSH/Docker/CI) keytar can block indefinitely on its functional probe.
@@ -156,16 +172,13 @@ export async function createContentGeneratorConfig(
   }
 
   const geminiApiKey =
-    apiKey ||
-    process.env['GEMINI_API_KEY'] ||
-    (await loadApiKey()) ||
-    undefined;
-  const googleApiKey = process.env['GOOGLE_API_KEY'] || undefined;
+    apiKey || getEnv('GEMINI_API_KEY') || (await loadApiKey()) || undefined;
+  const googleApiKey = getEnv('GOOGLE_API_KEY') || undefined;
   const googleCloudProject =
-    process.env['GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT'] ||
-    process.env['GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT_ID'] ||
+    getEnv('GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT') ||
+    getEnv('GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT_ID') ||
     undefined;
-  const googleCloudLocation = process.env['GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION'] || undefined;
+  const googleCloudLocation = getEnv('GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION') || undefined;
 
   if (authType === AuthType.USE_GEMINI && geminiApiKey) {
     contentGeneratorConfig.apiKey = geminiApiKey;
@@ -185,8 +198,7 @@ export async function createContentGeneratorConfig(
   }
 
   if (authType === AuthType.GATEWAY) {
-    contentGeneratorConfig.apiKey =
-      apiKey || process.env['GEMINI_API_KEY'] || '';
+    contentGeneratorConfig.apiKey = apiKey || getEnv('GEMINI_API_KEY') || '';
     contentGeneratorConfig.vertexai = false;
 
     return contentGeneratorConfig;
@@ -341,6 +353,13 @@ export async function createContentGenerator(
         if (envBaseUrl) {
           validateBaseUrl(envBaseUrl);
           baseUrl = envBaseUrl;
+        } else if (config.authType === AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI) {
+          const location = process.env['GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION'];
+          if (location === 'us') {
+            baseUrl = VERTEX_AI_US_REP_ENDPOINT;
+          } else if (location === 'eu') {
+            baseUrl = VERTEX_AI_EU_REP_ENDPOINT;
+          }
         }
       } else {
         validateBaseUrl(baseUrl);

packages/core/src/core/geminiChat.test.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   ThinkingLevel,
   type Content,
   type GenerateContentResponse,
+  type Part,
 } from '@google/genai';
 import type { ContentGenerator } from '../core/contentGenerator.js';
 import {
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ import {
   type StreamEvent,
   stripToolCallIdPrefixes,
   type HistoryTurn,
+  coalesceConsecutiveRoles,
 } from './geminiChat.js';
 import {
   type CompletedToolCall,
@@ -2253,6 +2255,35 @@ describe('GeminiChat', () => {
     });
   });
 
+  describe('thought leakage in getHistoryTurns', () => {
+    it('should completely filter out thought parts from getHistoryTurns when context management is enabled', () => {
+      vi.mocked(mockConfig.isContextManagementEnabled).mockReturnValue(true);
+
+      chat.setHistory([
+        {
+          role: 'user',
+          parts: [{ text: 'hello' }],
+        },
+        {
+          role: 'model',
+          parts: [
+            { text: 'internal monologue', thought: true } as unknown as Part,
+            { text: 'actual conversational response' },
+          ],
+        },
+      ]);
+
+      const turns = chat.getHistoryTurns(true);
+
+      expect(turns).toHaveLength(2);
+      const modelTurn = turns[1];
+      expect(modelTurn.content.parts).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(modelTurn.content.parts![0]).toEqual({
+        text: 'actual conversational response',
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
   describe('ensureActiveLoopHasThoughtSignatures', () => {
     it('should add thoughtSignature to the first functionCall in each model turn of the active loop', () => {
       const chat = new GeminiChat(mockConfig, '', [], []);
@@ -3107,4 +3138,62 @@ describe('GeminiChat', () => {
       expect(stripped[1].parts![0].functionResponse!.id).toBe('call_123');
     });
   });
+
+  describe('coalesceConsecutiveRoles', () => {
+    it('should return empty history if empty array is passed', () => {
+      expect(coalesceConsecutiveRoles([])).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it('should not modify history when roles alternate correctly', () => {
+      const history: HistoryTurn[] = [
+        { id: '1', content: { role: 'user', parts: [{ text: 'hello' }] } },
+        { id: '2', content: { role: 'model', parts: [{ text: 'hi' }] } },
+        {
+          id: '3',
+          content: { role: 'user', parts: [{ text: 'how are you?' }] },
+        },
+      ];
+      expect(coalesceConsecutiveRoles(history)).toEqual(history);
+    });
+
+    it('should coalesce consecutive user turns', () => {
+      const history: HistoryTurn[] = [
+        { id: '1', content: { role: 'user', parts: [{ text: 'hello' }] } },
+        { id: '2', content: { role: 'user', parts: [{ text: 'world' }] } },
+      ];
+      expect(coalesceConsecutiveRoles(history)).toEqual([
+        {
+          id: '1',
+          content: {
+            role: 'user',
+            parts: [{ text: 'hello' }, { text: 'world' }],
+          },
+        },
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle undefined or missing parts gracefully', () => {
+      const history: HistoryTurn[] = [
+        { id: '1', content: { role: 'user' } },
+        { id: '2', content: { role: 'user', parts: [{ text: 'world' }] } },
+      ];
+      expect(coalesceConsecutiveRoles(history)).toEqual([
+        {
+          id: '1',
+          content: {
+            role: 'user',
+            parts: [{ text: 'world' }],
+          },
+        },
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should not coalesce turns if roles are undefined', () => {
+      const history: HistoryTurn[] = [
+        { id: '1', content: { parts: [{ text: 'hello' }] } },
+        { id: '2', content: { parts: [{ text: 'world' }] } },
+      ];
+      expect(coalesceConsecutiveRoles(history)).toEqual(history);
+    });
+  });
 });

packages/core/src/core/geminiChat.ts

@@ -683,10 +683,13 @@ export class GeminiChat {
   ): Promise<AsyncGenerator<GenerateContentResponse>> {
     // Last mile scrubbing to remove internal tracking properties (e.g. callIndex)
     // before sending to the Gemini API. This whitelists only standard Gemini fields.
-    const scrubbedHistory = this.context.config.isContextManagementEnabled()
+    let scrubbedHistory = this.context.config.isContextManagementEnabled()
       ? scrubHistory([...requestHistory])
       : [...requestHistory];
 
+    // Always coalesce consecutive roles to prevent 400 Bad Request errors
+    scrubbedHistory = coalesceConsecutiveRoles(scrubbedHistory);
+
     const scrubbedContents = scrubbedHistory.map((h) => h.content);
 
     const requestContents = apiHistoryOverride
@@ -1472,3 +1475,31 @@ export function stripToolCallIdPrefixes(contents: Content[]): Content[] {
     }),
   }));
 }
+
+export function coalesceConsecutiveRoles(
+  history: HistoryTurn[],
+): HistoryTurn[] {
+  const result: HistoryTurn[] = [];
+  for (const turn of history) {
+    const lastIdx = result.length - 1;
+    const last = result[lastIdx];
+    if (last && last.content.role && last.content.role === turn.content.role) {
+      const hasParts = last.content.parts || turn.content.parts;
+      result[lastIdx] = {
+        id: last.id,
+        content: {
+          ...last.content,
+          parts: hasParts
+            ? [...(last.content.parts || []), ...(turn.content.parts || [])]
+            : undefined,
+        },
+      };
+    } else {
+      result.push({
+        id: turn.id,
+        content: { ...turn.content },
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+}

packages/core/src/ide/ide-client.ts

@@ -251,8 +251,11 @@ export class IdeClient {
             const textPart = parsedResultData.content.find(
               (part) => part.type === 'text',
             );
+
             const errorMessage =
-              textPart?.text ?? `Tool 'openDiff' reported an error.`;
+              // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion
+              (textPart as { text?: string })?.text ??
+              `Tool 'openDiff' reported an error.`;
             logger.debug(
               `Request for openDiff ${filePath} failed with isError:`,
               errorMessage,
@@ -332,7 +335,7 @@ export class IdeClient {
       if (resultData.isError) {
         const textPart = resultData.content.find(
           (part) => part.type === 'text',
-        );
+        ) as { type: 'text'; text: string } | undefined;
         const errorMessage =
           textPart?.text ?? `Tool 'closeDiff' reported an error.`;
         logger.debug(
@@ -342,7 +345,9 @@ export class IdeClient {
         return undefined;
       }
 
-      const textPart = resultData.content.find((part) => part.type === 'text');
+      const textPart = resultData.content.find(
+        (part): part is { type: 'text'; text: string } => part.type === 'text',
+      );
 
       if (textPart?.text) {
         try {

packages/core/src/policy/policies/plan.toml

@@ -109,23 +109,90 @@ priority = 50
 modes = ["plan"]
 interactive = true
 
-# Allow write_file and replace for .md files in the plans directory (cross-platform)
-# We split this into two rules to avoid ReDoS checker issues with nested optional segments.
-# This rule handles the case where there is a session ID in the plan file path
-[[rule]]
-toolName = ["write_file", "replace"]
-decision = "allow"
-priority = 70
-modes = ["plan"]
-argsPattern = "\\x00\"file_path\":\"[^\"]+[\\\\/]+\\.gemini[\\\\/]+tmp[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+[\\\\/]+plans[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+\\.md\"\\x00"
+# Allow write_file and replace for .md files in the plans directory (cross-platform).
+# This rule employs split, traversal-safe, and ReDoS-safe patterns to provide defense-in-depth:
+# - Absolute paths must strictly be inside the designated plans directory under `.gemini/tmp/`
+# - Relative paths must be clean (no path traversal `..` and no absolute prefixes)
 
-# This rule handles the case where there isn't a session ID in the plan file path
+# 1. Absolute paths with session ID
 [[rule]]
 toolName = ["write_file", "replace"]
 decision = "allow"
 priority = 70
 modes = ["plan"]
-argsPattern = "\\x00\"file_path\":\"[^\"]+[\\\\/]+\\.gemini[\\\\/]+tmp[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+[\\\\/]+plans[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+\\.md\"\\x00"
+argsPattern = "\\x00\"file_path\":\"[^\\\"]+[\\\\/]+\\.gemini[\\\\/]+tmp[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+[\\\\/]+plans[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+\\.md\"\\x00"
+
+# 2. Absolute paths without session ID
+[[rule]]
+toolName = ["write_file", "replace"]
+decision = "allow"
+priority = 70
+modes = ["plan"]
+argsPattern = "\\x00\"file_path\":\"[^\\\"]+[\\\\/]+\\.gemini[\\\\/]+tmp[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+[\\\\/]+plans[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+\\.md\"\\x00"
+
+# 3. Relative paths starting with .gemini (with session ID)
+[[rule]]
+toolName = ["write_file", "replace"]
+decision = "allow"
+priority = 70
+modes = ["plan"]
+argsPattern = "\\x00\"file_path\":\"\\.gemini[\\\\/]+tmp[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+[\\\\/]+plans[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+\\.md\"\\x00"
+
+# 4. Relative paths starting with .gemini (without session ID)
+[[rule]]
+toolName = ["write_file", "replace"]
+decision = "allow"
+priority = 70
+modes = ["plan"]
+argsPattern = "\\x00\"file_path\":\"\\.gemini[\\\\/]+tmp[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+[\\\\/]+plans[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+\\.md\"\\x00"
+
+# 5. Relative paths starting with ./.gemini (with session ID)
+[[rule]]
+toolName = ["write_file", "replace"]
+decision = "allow"
+priority = 70
+modes = ["plan"]
+argsPattern = "\\x00\"file_path\":\"\\.[\\\\/]+\\.gemini[\\\\/]+tmp[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+[\\\\/]+plans[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+\\.md\"\\x00"
+
+# 6. Relative paths starting with ./.gemini (without session ID)
+[[rule]]
+toolName = ["write_file", "replace"]
+decision = "allow"
+priority = 70
+modes = ["plan"]
+argsPattern = "\\x00\"file_path\":\"\\.[\\\\/]+\\.gemini[\\\\/]+tmp[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+[\\\\/]+plans[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+\\.md\"\\x00"
+
+# 7. Clean relative filename (no directories, e.g. plan.md)
+[[rule]]
+toolName = ["write_file", "replace"]
+decision = "allow"
+priority = 70
+modes = ["plan"]
+argsPattern = "\\x00\"file_path\":\"[\\w-]+\\.md\"\\x00"
+
+# 8. Clean relative path starting with ./ (no directories, e.g. ./plan.md)
+[[rule]]
+toolName = ["write_file", "replace"]
+decision = "allow"
+priority = 70
+modes = ["plan"]
+argsPattern = "\\x00\"file_path\":\"\\.[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+\\.md\"\\x00"
+
+# 9. Clean relative path under plans directory (e.g. plans/plan.md)
+[[rule]]
+toolName = ["write_file", "replace"]
+decision = "allow"
+priority = 70
+modes = ["plan"]
+argsPattern = "\\x00\"file_path\":\"plans[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+\\.md\"\\x00"
+
+# 10. Clean relative path under plans directory starting with ./ (e.g. ./plans/plan.md)
+[[rule]]
+toolName = ["write_file", "replace"]
+decision = "allow"
+priority = 70
+modes = ["plan"]
+argsPattern = "\\x00\"file_path\":\"\\.[\\\\/]+plans[\\\\/]+[\\w-]+\\.md\"\\x00"
 
 # Explicitly Deny other write operations in Plan mode with a clear message.
 [[rule]]

packages/core/src/policy/toml-loader.ts

@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ export function validateMcpPolicyToolNames(
     if (discoveredToolNames.length === 0) continue;
 
     const minDistance = Math.min(
-      ...discoveredToolNames.map((n) => levenshtein.get(toolPart, n)),
+      ...discoveredToolNames.map((n) => levenshtein.get(toolPart ?? '', n)),
     );
 
     if (minDistance > MAX_TYPO_DISTANCE) continue;

packages/core/src/safety/built-in.test.ts

@@ -240,4 +240,72 @@ describe('AllowedPathChecker', () => {
     const result = await checker.check(input);
     expect(result.decision).toBe(SafetyCheckDecision.ALLOW);
   });
+
+  describe('Security Regression: Case-Insensitive Blocklist & .vscode HITL', () => {
+    it('should deny sensitive paths like .git, .env, and node_modules case-insensitively, including Windows trailing character and NTFS ADS bypasses', async () => {
+      const sensitivePaths = [
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.git', 'config'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.GIT', 'config'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.Git', 'config'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.env'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.Env'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.ENV'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, 'node_modules', 'package', 'index.js'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, 'NODE_MODULES', 'package', 'index.js'),
+        // Windows trailing character bypasses
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.git ', 'config'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.git.', 'config'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.env ', 'config'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.env.', 'config'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, 'node_modules ', 'package', 'index.js'),
+        // NTFS Alternate Data Stream bypasses
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.git::$DATA', 'config'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.env::$DATA'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, 'node_modules::$DATA', 'package', 'index.js'),
+      ];
+
+      for (const p of sensitivePaths) {
+        const input = createInput({ path: p });
+        const result = await checker.check(input);
+        expect(result.decision).toBe(SafetyCheckDecision.DENY);
+        expect(result.reason).toContain('Access to sensitive path');
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('should require ASK_USER for .vscode configuration files inside workspace, but deny them if outside, including NTFS ADS bypasses', async () => {
+      const vscodePaths = [
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.vscode', 'settings.json'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.vscode', 'settings.JSON'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.VSCODE', 'settings.json'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.vscode', 'launch.json'),
+        // Windows trailing character bypasses
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.vscode ', 'settings.json'),
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.vscode.', 'settings.json'),
+        // NTFS Alternate Data Stream bypasses
+        path.join(mockCwd, '.vscode::$DATA', 'settings.json'),
+      ];
+
+      for (const p of vscodePaths) {
+        const input = createInput({ path: p });
+        const result = await checker.check(input);
+        expect(result.decision).toBe(SafetyCheckDecision.ASK_USER);
+        expect(result.reason).toContain(
+          'Modifying .vscode configuration files requires explicit user confirmation',
+        );
+      }
+
+      // Verify that paths outside the workspace containing .vscode are strictly denied
+      const outsideVscodePaths = [
+        path.join(testRootDir, 'outside', '.vscode', 'settings.json'),
+        path.join(testRootDir, 'outside', '.VSCODE', 'settings.json'),
+      ];
+
+      for (const p of outsideVscodePaths) {
+        const input = createInput({ path: p });
+        const result = await checker.check(input);
+        expect(result.decision).toBe(SafetyCheckDecision.DENY);
+        expect(result.reason).toContain('outside of the allowed workspace');
+      }
+    });
+  });
 });

packages/core/src/safety/built-in.ts

@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@
  */
 
 import * as path from 'node:path';
-import * as fs from 'node:fs';
 import {
   SafetyCheckDecision,
   type SafetyCheckInput,
   type SafetyCheckResult,
 } from './protocol.js';
 import type { AllowedPathConfig } from '../policy/types.js';
+import { resolveToRealPath } from '../utils/paths.js';
 
 /**
  * Interface for all in-process safety checkers.
@@ -45,6 +45,11 @@ export class AllowedPathChecker implements InProcessChecker {
       excludedArgs,
     );
 
+    // Resolve allowed directories once outside the loop to avoid redundant filesystem calls
+    const resolvedAllowedDirs = allowedDirs
+      .map((dir) => this.safelyResolvePath(dir, context.environment.cwd))
+      .filter((resolvedDir): resolvedDir is string => resolvedDir !== null);
+
     // Check each path
     for (const { path: p, argName } of pathsToCheck) {
       const resolvedPath = this.safelyResolvePath(p, context.environment.cwd);
@@ -57,15 +62,52 @@ export class AllowedPathChecker implements InProcessChecker {
         };
       }
 
-      const isAllowed = allowedDirs.some((dir) => {
-        // Also resolve allowed directories to handle symlinks
-        const resolvedDir = this.safelyResolvePath(
-          dir,
-          context.environment.cwd,
-        );
-        if (!resolvedDir) return false;
-        return this.isPathAllowed(resolvedPath, resolvedDir);
-      });
+      // Check for blocked segments case-insensitively
+      let hasBlockedSegment = false;
+      let isVscodePath = false;
+
+      for (const resolvedDir of resolvedAllowedDirs) {
+        if (!this.isPathAllowed(resolvedPath, resolvedDir)) continue;
+        const relative = path.relative(resolvedDir, resolvedPath);
+        const segments = relative.split(path.sep);
+        for (const segment of segments) {
+          const clean = trimTrailingSpacesAndDots(
+            segment.split(':')[0],
+          ).toLowerCase();
+          if (
+            clean === '.git' ||
+            clean === '.env' ||
+            clean === 'node_modules'
+          ) {
+            hasBlockedSegment = true;
+          }
+          if (clean === '.vscode') {
+            isVscodePath = true;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (hasBlockedSegment) {
+        return {
+          decision: SafetyCheckDecision.DENY,
+          reason: `Access to sensitive path "${p}" in argument "${argName}" is blocked.`,
+        };
+      }
+
+      if (isVscodePath) {
+        return {
+          decision: SafetyCheckDecision.ASK_USER,
+          reason: `Modifying .vscode configuration files requires explicit user confirmation.`,
+        };
+      }
+
+      let isAllowed = false;
+      for (const resolvedDir of resolvedAllowedDirs) {
+        if (this.isPathAllowed(resolvedPath, resolvedDir)) {
+          isAllowed = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
 
       if (!isAllowed) {
         return {
@@ -84,14 +126,15 @@ export class AllowedPathChecker implements InProcessChecker {
 
       // Walk up the directory tree until we find a path that exists
       let current = resolved;
-      // Stop at root (dirname(root) === root on many systems, or it becomes empty/'.' depending on implementation)
       while (current && current !== path.dirname(current)) {
-        if (fs.existsSync(current)) {
-          const canonical = fs.realpathSync(current);
+        try {
+          const canonical = resolveToRealPath(current);
           // Re-construct the full path from this canonical base
           const relative = path.relative(current, resolved);
           // path.join handles empty relative paths correctly (returns canonical)
           return path.join(canonical, relative);
+        } catch {
+          // Path does not exist, continue walking up
         }
         current = path.dirname(current);
       }
@@ -156,3 +199,15 @@ export class AllowedPathChecker implements InProcessChecker {
     return paths;
   }
 }
+
+/**
+ * Trims trailing spaces and dots from a string without using regular expressions
+ * to completely eliminate any potential ReDoS (Regular Expression Denial of Service) risk.
+ */
+function trimTrailingSpacesAndDots(str: string): string {
+  let end = str.length - 1;
+  while (end >= 0 && (str[end] === ' ' || str[end] === '.')) {
+    end--;
+  }
+  return str.slice(0, end + 1);
+}

packages/core/src/safety/checker-runner.test.ts

@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ describe('CheckerRunner', () => {
 
   beforeEach(() => {
     mockContextBuilder = new ContextBuilder({} as Config);
+    vi.spyOn(mockContextBuilder, 'config', 'get').mockReturnValue({
+      env: {},
+      getWorkingDir: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('/mock/cwd'),
+    } as unknown as Config);
     mockRegistry = new CheckerRegistry('/mock/dist');
     CheckerRegistry.prototype.resolveInProcess = vi.fn();