gemini-cli/docs/get-started/configuration-v1.md

# Gemini CLI configuration

**Note on deprecated configuration format**

This document describes the legacy v1 format for the `settings.json` file. This
format is now deprecated.

- The new format will be supported in the stable release starting
  **[09/10/25]**.
- Automatic migration from the old format to the new format will begin on
  **[09/17/25]**.

For details on the new, recommended format, please see the
[current Configuration documentation](./configuration.md).

Gemini CLI offers several ways to configure its behavior, including environment
variables, command-line arguments, and settings files. This document outlines
the different configuration methods and available settings.

## Configuration layers

Configuration is applied in the following order of precedence (lower numbers are
overridden by higher numbers):

1.  **Default values:** Hardcoded defaults within the application.
2.  **System defaults file:** System-wide default settings that can be
    overridden by other settings files.
3.  **User settings file:** Global settings for the current user.
4.  **Project settings file:** Project-specific settings.
5.  **System settings file:** System-wide settings that override all other
    settings files.
6.  **Environment variables:** System-wide or session-specific variables,
    potentially loaded from `.env` files.
7.  **Command-line arguments:** Values passed when launching the CLI.

## Settings files

Gemini CLI uses JSON settings files for persistent configuration. There are four
locations for these files:

- **System defaults file:**
  - **Location:** `/etc/gemini-cli/system-defaults.json` (Linux),
    `C:\ProgramData\gemini-cli\system-defaults.json` (Windows) or
    `/Library/Application Support/GeminiCli/system-defaults.json` (macOS). The
    path can be overridden using the `GEMINI_CLI_SYSTEM_DEFAULTS_PATH`
    environment variable.
  - **Scope:** Provides a base layer of system-wide default settings. These
    settings have the lowest precedence and are intended to be overridden by
    user, project, or system override settings.
- **User settings file:**
  - **Location:** `~/.gemini/settings.json` (where `~` is your home directory).
  - **Scope:** Applies to all Gemini CLI sessions for the current user. User
    settings override system defaults.
- **Project settings file:**
  - **Location:** `.gemini/settings.json` within your project's root directory.
  - **Scope:** Applies only when running Gemini CLI from that specific project.
    Project settings override user settings and system defaults.
- **System settings file:**
  - **Location:** `/etc/gemini-cli/settings.json` (Linux),
    `C:\ProgramData\gemini-cli\settings.json` (Windows) or
    `/Library/Application Support/GeminiCli/settings.json` (macOS). The path can
    be overridden using the `GEMINI_CLI_SYSTEM_SETTINGS_PATH` environment
    variable.
  - **Scope:** Applies to all Gemini CLI sessions on the system, for all users.
    System settings act as overrides, taking precedence over all other settings
    files. May be useful for system administrators at enterprises to have
    controls over users' Gemini CLI setups.

**Note on environment variables in settings:** String values within your
`settings.json` files can reference environment variables using either
`$VAR_NAME` or `${VAR_NAME}` syntax. These variables will be automatically
resolved when the settings are loaded. For example, if you have an environment
variable `MY_API_TOKEN`, you could use it in `settings.json` like this:
`"apiKey": "$MY_API_TOKEN"`.

> **Note for Enterprise Users:** For guidance on deploying and managing Gemini
> CLI in a corporate environment, please see the
> [Enterprise Configuration](../cli/enterprise.md) documentation.

### The `.gemini` directory in your project

In addition to a project settings file, a project's `.gemini` directory can
contain other project-specific files related to Gemini CLI's operation, such as:

- [Custom sandbox profiles](#sandboxing) (e.g.,
  `.gemini/sandbox-macos-custom.sb`, `.gemini/sandbox.Dockerfile`).

### Available settings in `settings.json`:

- **`contextFileName`** (string or array of strings):
  - **Description:** Specifies the filename for context files (e.g.,
    `GEMINI.md`, `AGENTS.md`). Can be a single filename or a list of accepted
    filenames.
  - **Default:** `GEMINI.md`
  - **Example:** `"contextFileName": "AGENTS.md"`

- **`bugCommand`** (object):
  - **Description:** Overrides the default URL for the `/bug` command.
  - **Default:**
    `"urlTemplate": "https://github.com/google-gemini/gemini-cli/issues/new?template=bug_report.yml&title={title}&info={info}"`
  - **Properties:**
    - **`urlTemplate`** (string): A URL that can contain `{title}` and `{info}`
      placeholders.
  - **Example:**
    ```json
    "bugCommand": {
      "urlTemplate": "https://bug.example.com/new?title={title}&info={info}"
    }
    ```

- **`fileFiltering`** (object):
  - **Description:** Controls git-aware file filtering behavior for @ commands
    and file discovery tools.
  - **Default:** `"respectGitIgnore": true, "enableRecursiveFileSearch": true`
  - **Properties:**
    - **`respectGitIgnore`** (boolean): Whether to respect .gitignore patterns
      when discovering files. When set to `true`, git-ignored files (like
      `node_modules/`, `dist/`, `.env`) are automatically excluded from @
      commands and file listing operations.
    - **`enableRecursiveFileSearch`** (boolean): Whether to enable searching
      recursively for filenames under the current tree when completing @
      prefixes in the prompt.
    - **`disableFuzzySearch`** (boolean): When `true`, disables the fuzzy search
      capabilities when searching for files, which can improve performance on
      projects with a large number of files.
  - **Example:**
    ```json
    "fileFiltering": {
      "respectGitIgnore": true,
      "enableRecursiveFileSearch": false,
      "disableFuzzySearch": true
    }
    ```

### Troubleshooting file search performance

If you are experiencing performance issues with file searching (e.g., with `@`
completions), especially in projects with a very large number of files, here are
a few things you can try in order of recommendation:

1.  **Use `.geminiignore`:** Create a `.geminiignore` file in your project root
    to exclude directories that contain a large number of files that you don't
    need to reference (e.g., build artifacts, logs, `node_modules`). Reducing
    the total number of files crawled is the most effective way to improve
    performance.

2.  **Disable fuzzy search:** If ignoring files is not enough, you can disable
    fuzzy search by setting `disableFuzzySearch` to `true` in your
    `settings.json` file. This will use a simpler, non-fuzzy matching algorithm,
    which can be faster.

3.  **Disable recursive file search:** As a last resort, you can disable
    recursive file search entirely by setting `enableRecursiveFileSearch` to
    `false`. This will be the fastest option as it avoids a recursive crawl of
    your project. However, it means you will need to type the full path to files
    when using `@` completions.

- **`coreTools`** (array of strings):
  - **Description:** Allows you to specify a list of core tool names that should
    be made available to the model. This can be used to restrict the set of
    built-in tools. See [Built-in Tools](../core/tools-api.md#built-in-tools)
    for a list of core tools. You can also specify command-specific restrictions
    for tools that support it, like the `ShellTool`. For example,
    `"coreTools": ["ShellTool(ls -l)"]` will only allow the `ls -l` command to
    be executed.
  - **Default:** All tools available for use by the Gemini model.
  - **Example:** `"coreTools": ["ReadFileTool", "GlobTool", "ShellTool(ls)"]`.

- **`allowedTools`** (array of strings) [DEPRECATED]:
  - **Default:** `undefined`
  - **Description:** A list of tool names that will bypass the confirmation
    dialog. This is useful for tools that you trust and use frequently. The
    match semantics are the same as `coreTools`. **Deprecated**: Use the
    [Policy Engine](../core/policy-engine.md) instead.
  - **Example:** `"allowedTools": ["ShellTool(git status)"]`.

- **`excludeTools`** (array of strings) [DEPRECATED]:
  - **Description:** Allows you to specify a list of core tool names that should
    be excluded from the model. A tool listed in both `excludeTools` and
    `coreTools` is excluded. You can also specify command-specific restrictions
    for tools that support it, like the `ShellTool`. For example,
    `"excludeTools": ["ShellTool(rm -rf)"]` will block the `rm -rf` command.
    **Deprecated**: Use the [Policy Engine](../core/policy-engine.md) instead.
  - **Default**: No tools excluded.
  - **Example:** `"excludeTools": ["run_shell_command", "findFiles"]`.
  - **Security Note:** Command-specific restrictions in `excludeTools` for
    `run_shell_command` are based on simple string matching and can be easily
    bypassed. This feature is **not a security mechanism** and should not be
    relied upon to safely execute untrusted code. It is recommended to use
    `coreTools` to explicitly select commands that can be executed.

- **`allowMCPServers`** (array of strings):
  - **Description:** Allows you to specify a list of MCP server names that
    should be made available to the model. This can be used to restrict the set
    of MCP servers to connect to. Note that this will be ignored if
    `--allowed-mcp-server-names` is set.
  - **Default:** All MCP servers are available for use by the Gemini model.
  - **Example:** `"allowMCPServers": ["myPythonServer"]`.
  - **Security note:** This uses simple string matching on MCP server names,
    which can be modified. If you're a system administrator looking to prevent
    users from bypassing this, consider configuring the `mcpServers` at the
    system settings level such that the user will not be able to configure any
    MCP servers of their own. This should not be used as an airtight security
    mechanism.

- **`excludeMCPServers`** (array of strings):
  - **Description:** Allows you to specify a list of MCP server names that
    should be excluded from the model. A server listed in both
    `excludeMCPServers` and `allowMCPServers` is excluded. Note that this will
    be ignored if `--allowed-mcp-server-names` is set.
  - **Default**: No MCP servers excluded.
  - **Example:** `"excludeMCPServers": ["myNodeServer"]`.
  - **Security note:** This uses simple string matching on MCP server names,
    which can be modified. If you're a system administrator looking to prevent
    users from bypassing this, consider configuring the `mcpServers` at the
    system settings level such that the user will not be able to configure any
    MCP servers of their own. This should not be used as an airtight security
    mechanism.

- **`theme`** (string):
  - **Description:** Sets the visual [theme](../cli/themes.md) for Gemini CLI.
  - **Default:** `"Default"`
  - **Example:** `"theme": "GitHub"`

- **`vimMode`** (boolean):
  - **Description:** Enables or disables vim mode for input editing. When
    enabled, the input area supports vim-style navigation and editing commands
    with NORMAL and INSERT modes. The vim mode status is displayed in the footer
    and persists between sessions.
  - **Default:** `false`
  - **Example:** `"vimMode": true`

- **`sandbox`** (boolean or string):
  - **Description:** Controls whether and how to use sandboxing for tool
    execution. If set to `true`, Gemini CLI uses a pre-built
    `gemini-cli-sandbox` Docker image. For more information, see
    [Sandboxing](#sandboxing).
  - **Default:** `false`
  - **Example:** `"sandbox": "docker"`

- **`toolDiscoveryCommand`** (string):
  - **Description:** Defines a custom shell command for discovering tools from
    your project. The shell command must return on `stdout` a JSON array of
    [function declarations](https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/function-calling#function-declarations).
    Tool wrappers are optional.
  - **Default:** Empty
  - **Example:** `"toolDiscoveryCommand": "bin/get_tools"`

- **`toolCallCommand`** (string):
  - **Description:** Defines a custom shell command for calling a specific tool
    that was discovered using `toolDiscoveryCommand`. The shell command must
    meet the following criteria:
    - It must take function `name` (exactly as in
      [function declaration](https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/function-calling#function-declarations))
      as first command line argument.
    - It must read function arguments as JSON on `stdin`, analogous to
      [`functionCall.args`](https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/generative-ai/docs/model-reference/inference#functioncall).
    - It must return function output as JSON on `stdout`, analogous to
      [`functionResponse.response.content`](https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/generative-ai/docs/model-reference/inference#functionresponse).
  - **Default:** Empty
  - **Example:** `"toolCallCommand": "bin/call_tool"`

- **`mcpServers`** (object):
  - **Description:** Configures connections to one or more Model-Context
    Protocol (MCP) servers for discovering and using custom tools. Gemini CLI
    attempts to connect to each configured MCP server to discover available
    tools. If multiple MCP servers expose a tool with the same name, the tool
    names will be prefixed with the server alias you defined in the
    configuration (e.g., `serverAlias__actualToolName`) to avoid conflicts. Note
    that the system might strip certain schema properties from MCP tool
    definitions for compatibility. At least one of `command`, `url`, or
    `httpUrl` must be provided. If multiple are specified, the order of
    precedence is `httpUrl`, then `url`, then `command`.
  - **Default:** Empty
  - **Properties:**
    - **`<SERVER_NAME>`** (object): The server parameters for the named server.
      - `command` (string, optional): The command to execute to start the MCP
        server via standard I/O.
      - `args` (array of strings, optional): Arguments to pass to the command.
      - `env` (object, optional): Environment variables to set for the server
        process.
      - `cwd` (string, optional): The working directory in which to start the
        server.
      - `url` (string, optional): The URL of an MCP server that uses Server-Sent
        Events (SSE) for communication.
      - `httpUrl` (string, optional): The URL of an MCP server that uses
        streamable HTTP for communication.
      - `headers` (object, optional): A map of HTTP headers to send with
        requests to `url` or `httpUrl`.
      - `timeout` (number, optional): Timeout in milliseconds for requests to
        this MCP server.
      - `trust` (boolean, optional): Trust this server and bypass all tool call
        confirmations.
      - `description` (string, optional): A brief description of the server,
        which may be used for display purposes.
      - `includeTools` (array of strings, optional): List of tool names to
        include from this MCP server. When specified, only the tools listed here
        will be available from this server (allowlist behavior). If not
        specified, all tools from the server are enabled by default.
      - `excludeTools` (array of strings, optional): List of tool names to
        exclude from this MCP server. Tools listed here will not be available to
        the model, even if they are exposed by the server. **Note:**
        `excludeTools` takes precedence over `includeTools` - if a tool is in
        both lists, it will be excluded.
  - **Example:**
    ```json
    "mcpServers": {
      "myPythonServer": {
        "command": "python",
        "args": ["mcp_server.py", "--port", "8080"],
        "cwd": "./mcp_tools/python",
        "timeout": 5000,
        "includeTools": ["safe_tool", "file_reader"],
      },
      "myNodeServer": {
        "command": "node",
        "args": ["mcp_server.js"],
        "cwd": "./mcp_tools/node",
        "excludeTools": ["dangerous_tool", "file_deleter"]
      },
      "myDockerServer": {
        "command": "docker",
        "args": ["run", "-i", "--rm", "-e", "API_KEY", "ghcr.io/foo/bar"],
        "env": {
          "API_KEY": "$MY_API_TOKEN"
        }
      },
      "mySseServer": {
        "url": "http://localhost:8081/events",
        "headers": {
          "Authorization": "Bearer $MY_SSE_TOKEN"
        },
        "description": "An example SSE-based MCP server."
      },
      "myStreamableHttpServer": {
        "httpUrl": "http://localhost:8082/stream",
        "headers": {
          "X-API-Key": "$MY_HTTP_API_KEY"
        },
        "description": "An example Streamable HTTP-based MCP server."
      }
    }
    ```

- **`checkpointing`** (object):
  - **Description:** Configures the checkpointing feature, which allows you to
    save and restore conversation and file states. See the
    [Checkpointing documentation](../cli/checkpointing.md) for more details.
  - **Default:** `{"enabled": false}`
  - **Properties:**
    - **`enabled`** (boolean): When `true`, the `/restore` command is available.

- **`preferredEditor`** (string):
  - **Description:** Specifies the preferred editor to use for viewing diffs.
  - **Default:** `vscode`
  - **Example:** `"preferredEditor": "vscode"`

- **`telemetry`** (object)
  - **Description:** Configures logging and metrics collection for Gemini CLI.
    For more information, see [Telemetry](../cli/telemetry.md).
  - **Default:**
    `{"enabled": false, "target": "local", "otlpEndpoint": "http://localhost:4317", "logPrompts": true}`
  - **Properties:**
    - **`enabled`** (boolean): Whether or not telemetry is enabled.
    - **`target`** (string): The destination for collected telemetry. Supported
      values are `local` and `gcp`.
    - **`otlpEndpoint`** (string): The endpoint for the OTLP Exporter.
    - **`logPrompts`** (boolean): Whether or not to include the content of user
      prompts in the logs.
  - **Example:**
    ```json
    "telemetry": {
      "enabled": true,
      "target": "local",
      "otlpEndpoint": "http://localhost:16686",
      "logPrompts": false
    }
    ```
- **`usageStatisticsEnabled`** (boolean):
  - **Description:** Enables or disables the collection of usage statistics. See
    [Usage Statistics](#usage-statistics) for more information.
  - **Default:** `true`
  - **Example:**
    ```json
    "usageStatisticsEnabled": false
    ```

- **`hideTips`** (boolean):
  - **Description:** Enables or disables helpful tips in the CLI interface.
  - **Default:** `false`
  - **Example:**

    ```json
    "hideTips": true
    ```

- **`hideBanner`** (boolean):
  - **Description:** Enables or disables the startup banner (ASCII art logo) in
    the CLI interface.
  - **Default:** `false`
  - **Example:**

    ```json
    "hideBanner": true
    ```

- **`maxSessionTurns`** (number):
  - **Description:** Sets the maximum number of turns for a session. If the
    session exceeds this limit, the CLI will stop processing and start a new
    chat.
  - **Default:** `-1` (unlimited)
  - **Example:**
    ```json
    "maxSessionTurns": 10
    ```

- **`summarizeToolOutput`** (object):
  - **Description:** Enables or disables the summarization of tool output. You
    can specify the token budget for the summarization using the `tokenBudget`
    setting.
  - Note: Currently only the `run_shell_command` tool is supported.
  - **Default:** `{}` (Disabled by default)
  - **Example:**
    ```json
    "summarizeToolOutput": {
      "run_shell_command": {
        "tokenBudget": 2000
      }
    }
    ```

- **`excludedProjectEnvVars`** (array of strings):
  - **Description:** Specifies environment variables that should be excluded
    from being loaded from project `.env` files. This prevents project-specific
    environment variables (like `DEBUG=true`) from interfering with gemini-cli
    behavior. Variables from `.gemini/.env` files are never excluded.
  - **Default:** `["DEBUG", "DEBUG_MODE"]`
  - **Example:**
    ```json
    "excludedProjectEnvVars": ["DEBUG", "DEBUG_MODE", "NODE_ENV"]
    ```

- **`includeDirectories`** (array of strings):
  - **Description:** Specifies an array of additional absolute or relative paths
    to include in the workspace context. Missing directories will be skipped
    with a warning by default. Paths can use `~` to refer to the user's home
    directory. This setting can be combined with the `--include-directories`
    command-line flag.
  - **Default:** `[]`
  - **Example:**
    ```json
    "includeDirectories": [
      "/path/to/another/project",
      "../shared-library",
      "~/common-utils"
    ]
    ```

- **`loadMemoryFromIncludeDirectories`** (boolean):
  - **Description:** Controls the behavior of the `/memory refresh` command. If
    set to `true`, `GEMINI.md` files should be loaded from all directories that
    are added. If set to `false`, `GEMINI.md` should only be loaded from the
    current directory.
  - **Default:** `false`
  - **Example:**
    ```json
    "loadMemoryFromIncludeDirectories": true
    ```

- **`showLineNumbers`** (boolean):
  - **Description:** Controls whether line numbers are displayed in code blocks
    in the CLI output.
  - **Default:** `true`
  - **Example:**
    ```json
    "showLineNumbers": false
    ```

- **`accessibility`** (object):
  - **Description:** Configures accessibility features for the CLI.
  - **Properties:**
    - **`screenReader`** (boolean): Enables screen reader mode, which adjusts
      the TUI for better compatibility with screen readers. This can also be
      enabled with the `--screen-reader` command-line flag, which will take
      precedence over the setting.
    - **`disableLoadingPhrases`** (boolean): Disables the display of loading
      phrases during operations.
  - **Default:** `{"screenReader": false, "disableLoadingPhrases": false}`
  - **Example:**
    ```json
    "accessibility": {
      "screenReader": true,
      "disableLoadingPhrases": true
    }
    ```

### Example `settings.json`:

```json
{
  "theme": "GitHub",
  "sandbox": "docker",
  "toolDiscoveryCommand": "bin/get_tools",
  "toolCallCommand": "bin/call_tool",
  "mcpServers": {
    "mainServer": {
      "command": "bin/mcp_server.py"
    },
    "anotherServer": {
      "command": "node",
      "args": ["mcp_server.js", "--verbose"]
    }
  },
  "telemetry": {
    "enabled": true,
    "target": "local",
    "otlpEndpoint": "http://localhost:4317",
    "logPrompts": true
  },
  "usageStatisticsEnabled": true,
  "hideTips": false,
  "hideBanner": false,
  "maxSessionTurns": 10,
  "summarizeToolOutput": {
    "run_shell_command": {
      "tokenBudget": 100
    }
  },
  "excludedProjectEnvVars": ["DEBUG", "DEBUG_MODE", "NODE_ENV"],
  "includeDirectories": ["path/to/dir1", "~/path/to/dir2", "../path/to/dir3"],
  "loadMemoryFromIncludeDirectories": true
}
```

## Shell history

The CLI keeps a history of shell commands you run. To avoid conflicts between
different projects, this history is stored in a project-specific directory
within your user's home folder.

- **Location:** `~/.gemini/tmp/<project_hash>/shell_history`
  - `<project_hash>` is a unique identifier generated from your project's root
    path.
  - The history is stored in a file named `shell_history`.

## Environment variables and `.env` files

Environment variables are a common way to configure applications, especially for
sensitive information like API keys or for settings that might change between
environments. For authentication setup, see the
[Authentication documentation](./authentication.md) which covers all available
authentication methods.

The CLI automatically loads environment variables from an `.env` file. The
loading order is:

1.  `.env` file in the current working directory.
2.  If not found, it searches upwards in parent directories until it finds an
    `.env` file or reaches the project root (identified by a `.git` folder) or
    the home directory.
3.  If still not found, it looks for `~/.env` (in the user's home directory).

**Environment variable exclusion:** Some environment variables (like `DEBUG` and
`DEBUG_MODE`) are automatically excluded from being loaded from project `.env`
files to prevent interference with gemini-cli behavior. Variables from
`.gemini/.env` files are never excluded. You can customize this behavior using
the `excludedProjectEnvVars` setting in your `settings.json` file.

- **`GEMINI_API_KEY`**:
  - Your API key for the Gemini API.
  - One of several available [authentication methods](./authentication.md).
  - Set this in your shell profile (e.g., `~/.bashrc`, `~/.zshrc`) or an `.env`
    file.
- **`GEMINI_MODEL`**:
  - Specifies the default Gemini model to use.
  - Overrides the hardcoded default
  - Example: `export GEMINI_MODEL="gemini-2.5-flash"`
- **`GOOGLE_API_KEY`**:
  - Your Google Cloud API key.
  - Required for using Vertex AI in express mode.
  - Ensure you have the necessary permissions.
  - Example: `export GOOGLE_API_KEY="YOUR_GOOGLE_API_KEY"`.
- **`GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT`**:
  - Your Google Cloud Project ID.
  - Required for using Code Assist or Vertex AI.
  - If using Vertex AI, ensure you have the necessary permissions in this
    project.
  - **Cloud Shell note:** When running in a Cloud Shell environment, this
    variable defaults to a special project allocated for Cloud Shell users. If
    you have `GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT` set in your global environment in Cloud
    Shell, it will be overridden by this default. To use a different project in
    Cloud Shell, you must define `GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT` in a `.env` file.
  - Example: `export GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT="YOUR_PROJECT_ID"`.
- **`GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS`** (string):
  - **Description:** The path to your Google Application Credentials JSON file.
  - **Example:**
    `export GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS="/path/to/your/credentials.json"`
- **`OTLP_GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT`**:
  - Your Google Cloud Project ID for Telemetry in Google Cloud
  - Example: `export OTLP_GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT="YOUR_PROJECT_ID"`.
- **`GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION`**:
  - Your Google Cloud Project Location (e.g., us-central1).
  - Required for using Vertex AI in non express mode.
  - Example: `export GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION="YOUR_PROJECT_LOCATION"`.
- **`GEMINI_SANDBOX`**:
  - Alternative to the `sandbox` setting in `settings.json`.
  - Accepts `true`, `false`, `docker`, `podman`, or a custom command string.
- **`HTTP_PROXY` / `HTTPS_PROXY`**:
  - Specifies the proxy server to use for outgoing HTTP/HTTPS requests.
  - Example: `export HTTPS_PROXY="http://proxy.example.com:8080"`
- **`SEATBELT_PROFILE`** (macOS specific):
  - Switches the Seatbelt (`sandbox-exec`) profile on macOS.
  - `permissive-open`: (Default) Restricts writes to the project folder (and a
    few other folders, see
    `packages/cli/src/utils/sandbox-macos-permissive-open.sb`) but allows other
    operations.
  - `strict`: Uses a strict profile that declines operations by default.
  - `<profile_name>`: Uses a custom profile. To define a custom profile, create
    a file named `sandbox-macos-<profile_name>.sb` in your project's `.gemini/`
    directory (e.g., `my-project/.gemini/sandbox-macos-custom.sb`).
- **`DEBUG` or `DEBUG_MODE`** (often used by underlying libraries or the CLI
  itself):
  - Set to `true` or `1` to enable verbose debug logging, which can be helpful
    for troubleshooting.
  - **Note:** These variables are automatically excluded from project `.env`
    files by default to prevent interference with gemini-cli behavior. Use
    `.gemini/.env` files if you need to set these for gemini-cli specifically.
- **`NO_COLOR`**:
  - Set to any value to disable all color output in the CLI.
- **`CLI_TITLE`**:
  - Set to a string to customize the title of the CLI.
- **`CODE_ASSIST_ENDPOINT`**:
  - Specifies the endpoint for the code assist server.
  - This is useful for development and testing.

## Command-line arguments

Arguments passed directly when running the CLI can override other configurations
for that specific session.

- **`--model <model_name>`** (**`-m <model_name>`**):
  - Specifies the Gemini model to use for this session.
  - Example: `npm start -- --model gemini-1.5-pro-latest`
- **`--prompt <your_prompt>`** (**`-p <your_prompt>`**):
  - Used to pass a prompt directly to the command. This invokes Gemini CLI in a
    non-interactive mode.
- **`--prompt-interactive <your_prompt>`** (**`-i <your_prompt>`**):
  - Starts an interactive session with the provided prompt as the initial input.
  - The prompt is processed within the interactive session, not before it.
  - Cannot be used when piping input from stdin.
  - Example: `gemini -i "explain this code"`
- **`--sandbox`** (**`-s`**):
  - Enables sandbox mode for this session.
- **`--sandbox-image`**:
  - Sets the sandbox image URI.
- **`--debug`** (**`-d`**):
  - Enables debug mode for this session, providing more verbose output.

- **`--help`** (or **`-h`**):
  - Displays help information about command-line arguments.
- **`--show-memory-usage`**:
  - Displays the current memory usage.
- **`--yolo`**:
  - Enables YOLO mode, which automatically approves all tool calls.
- **`--approval-mode <mode>`**:
  - Sets the approval mode for tool calls. Available modes:
    - `default`: Prompt for approval on each tool call (default behavior)
    - `auto_edit`: Automatically approve edit tools (replace, write_file) while
      prompting for others
    - `yolo`: Automatically approve all tool calls (equivalent to `--yolo`)
  - Cannot be used together with `--yolo`. Use `--approval-mode=yolo` instead of
    `--yolo` for the new unified approach.
  - Example: `gemini --approval-mode auto_edit`
- **`--allowed-tools <tool1,tool2,...>`**:
  - A comma-separated list of tool names that will bypass the confirmation
    dialog.
  - Example: `gemini --allowed-tools "ShellTool(git status)"`
- **`--telemetry`**:
  - Enables [telemetry](../cli/telemetry.md).
- **`--telemetry-target`**:
  - Sets the telemetry target. See [telemetry](../cli/telemetry.md) for more
    information.
- **`--telemetry-otlp-endpoint`**:
  - Sets the OTLP endpoint for telemetry. See [telemetry](../cli/telemetry.md)
    for more information.
- **`--telemetry-otlp-protocol`**:
  - Sets the OTLP protocol for telemetry (`grpc` or `http`). Defaults to `grpc`.
    See [telemetry](../cli/telemetry.md) for more information.
- **`--telemetry-log-prompts`**:
  - Enables logging of prompts for telemetry. See
    [telemetry](../cli/telemetry.md) for more information.
- **`--extensions <extension_name ...>`** (**`-e <extension_name ...>`**):
  - Specifies a list of extensions to use for the session. If not provided, all
    available extensions are used.
  - Use the special term `gemini -e none` to disable all extensions.
  - Example: `gemini -e my-extension -e my-other-extension`
- **`--list-extensions`** (**`-l`**):
  - Lists all available extensions and exits.
- **`--include-directories <dir1,dir2,...>`**:
  - Includes additional directories in the workspace for multi-directory
    support.
  - Can be specified multiple times or as comma-separated values.
  - 5 directories can be added at maximum.
  - Example: `--include-directories /path/to/project1,/path/to/project2` or
    `--include-directories /path/to/project1 --include-directories /path/to/project2`
- **`--screen-reader`**:
  - Enables screen reader mode for accessibility.
- **`--version`**:
  - Displays the version of the CLI.

## Context files (hierarchical instructional context)

While not strictly configuration for the CLI's _behavior_, context files
(defaulting to `GEMINI.md` but configurable via the `contextFileName` setting)
are crucial for configuring the _instructional context_ (also referred to as
"memory") provided to the Gemini model. This powerful feature allows you to give
project-specific instructions, coding style guides, or any relevant background
information to the AI, making its responses more tailored and accurate to your
needs. The CLI includes UI elements, such as an indicator in the footer showing
the number of loaded context files, to keep you informed about the active
context.

- **Purpose:** These Markdown files contain instructions, guidelines, or context
  that you want the Gemini model to be aware of during your interactions. The
  system is designed to manage this instructional context hierarchically.

### Example context file content (e.g., `GEMINI.md`)

Here's a conceptual example of what a context file at the root of a TypeScript
project might contain:

```markdown
# Project: My Awesome TypeScript Library

## General Instructions:

- When generating new TypeScript code, please follow the existing coding style.
- Ensure all new functions and classes have JSDoc comments.
- Prefer functional programming paradigms where appropriate.
- All code should be compatible with TypeScript 5.0 and Node.js 20+.

## Coding Style:

- Use 2 spaces for indentation.
- Interface names should be prefixed with `I` (e.g., `IUserService`).
- Private class members should be prefixed with an underscore (`_`).
- Always use strict equality (`===` and `!==`).

## Specific Component: `src/api/client.ts`

- This file handles all outbound API requests.
- When adding new API call functions, ensure they include robust error handling
  and logging.
- Use the existing `fetchWithRetry` utility for all GET requests.

## Regarding Dependencies:

- Avoid introducing new external dependencies unless absolutely necessary.
- If a new dependency is required, please state the reason.
```

This example demonstrates how you can provide general project context, specific
coding conventions, and even notes about particular files or components. The
more relevant and precise your context files are, the better the AI can assist
you. Project-specific context files are highly encouraged to establish
conventions and context.

- **Hierarchical loading and precedence:** The CLI implements a sophisticated
  hierarchical memory system by loading context files (e.g., `GEMINI.md`) from
  several locations. Content from files lower in this list (more specific)
  typically overrides or supplements content from files higher up (more
  general). The exact concatenation order and final context can be inspected
  using the `/memory show` command. The typical loading order is:
  1.  **Global context file:**
      - Location: `~/.gemini/<contextFileName>` (e.g., `~/.gemini/GEMINI.md` in
        your user home directory).
      - Scope: Provides default instructions for all your projects.
  2.  **Project root and ancestors context files:**
      - Location: The CLI searches for the configured context file in the
        current working directory and then in each parent directory up to either
        the project root (identified by a `.git` folder) or your home directory.
      - Scope: Provides context relevant to the entire project or a significant
        portion of it.
  3.  **Sub-directory context files (contextual/local):**
      - Location: The CLI also scans for the configured context file in
        subdirectories _below_ the current working directory (respecting common
        ignore patterns like `node_modules`, `.git`, etc.). The breadth of this
        search is limited to 200 directories by default, but can be configured
        with a `memoryDiscoveryMaxDirs` field in your `settings.json` file.
      - Scope: Allows for highly specific instructions relevant to a particular
        component, module, or subsection of your project.
- **Concatenation and UI indication:** The contents of all found context files
  are concatenated (with separators indicating their origin and path) and
  provided as part of the system prompt to the Gemini model. The CLI footer
  displays the count of loaded context files, giving you a quick visual cue
  about the active instructional context.
- **Importing content:** You can modularize your context files by importing
  other Markdown files using the `@path/to/file.md` syntax. For more details,
  see the [Memory Import Processor documentation](../core/memport.md).
- **Commands for memory management:**
  - Use `/memory refresh` to force a re-scan and reload of all context files
    from all configured locations. This updates the AI's instructional context.
  - Use `/memory show` to display the combined instructional context currently
    loaded, allowing you to verify the hierarchy and content being used by the
    AI.
  - See the [Commands documentation](../cli/commands.md#memory) for full details
    on the `/memory` command and its sub-commands (`show` and `refresh`).

By understanding and utilizing these configuration layers and the hierarchical
nature of context files, you can effectively manage the AI's memory and tailor
the Gemini CLI's responses to your specific needs and projects.

## Sandboxing

The Gemini CLI can execute potentially unsafe operations (like shell commands
and file modifications) within a sandboxed environment to protect your system.

Sandboxing is disabled by default, but you can enable it in a few ways:

- Using `--sandbox` or `-s` flag.
- Setting `GEMINI_SANDBOX` environment variable.
- Sandbox is enabled when using `--yolo` or `--approval-mode=yolo` by default.

By default, it uses a pre-built `gemini-cli-sandbox` Docker image.

For project-specific sandboxing needs, you can create a custom Dockerfile at
`.gemini/sandbox.Dockerfile` in your project's root directory. This Dockerfile
can be based on the base sandbox image:

```dockerfile
FROM gemini-cli-sandbox

# Add your custom dependencies or configurations here
# For example:
# RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y some-package
# COPY ./my-config /app/my-config
```

When `.gemini/sandbox.Dockerfile` exists, you can use `BUILD_SANDBOX`
environment variable when running Gemini CLI to automatically build the custom
sandbox image:

```bash
BUILD_SANDBOX=1 gemini -s
```

## Usage statistics

To help us improve the Gemini CLI, we collect anonymized usage statistics. This
data helps us understand how the CLI is used, identify common issues, and
prioritize new features.

**What we collect:**

- **Tool calls:** We log the names of the tools that are called, whether they
  succeed or fail, and how long they take to execute. We do not collect the
  arguments passed to the tools or any data returned by them.
- **API requests:** We log the Gemini model used for each request, the duration
  of the request, and whether it was successful. We do not collect the content
  of the prompts or responses.
- **Session information:** We collect information about the configuration of the
  CLI, such as the enabled tools and the approval mode.

**What we DON'T collect:**

- **Personally identifiable information (PII):** We do not collect any personal
  information, such as your name, email address, or API keys.
- **Prompt and response content:** We do not log the content of your prompts or
  the responses from the Gemini model.
- **File content:** We do not log the content of any files that are read or
  written by the CLI.

**How to opt out:**

You can opt out of usage statistics collection at any time by setting the
`usageStatisticsEnabled` property to `false` in your `settings.json` file:

```json
{
  "usageStatisticsEnabled": false
}
```